GATE Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics for All 30 Papers, PDF Download and Weightage

Basic English grammar: tenses, articles, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, verb-noun agreement; Reading and comprehension; Narrative sequencing; Verbal analogies and word groups; Instructions; Critical reasoning; Verbal deduction

Data interpretation: tables, bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts; Numerical computation and estimation: ratios, percentages, powers, exponents, logarithms, permutations, combinations; Mensuration and geometry; Elementary statistics and probability; Application of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry to real-life problems

Transformation of shapes: translation, reflection, rotation, scaling, mirroring, assembling, grouping; Paper folding, cutting, and 2D patterns; 2D and 3D shapes: vertices, edges, planes, sides; 3D shape visualization, fitting, and stacking

Ideal voltage and current sources; Dependent sources; R, L, C, M elements; Network solution methods: KCL, KVL, Node and Mesh analysis; Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, Superposition theorem, Maximum Power Transfer theorem; Steady-state sinusoidal analysis using phasors; Time-domain analysis of simple linear circuits; Laplace-transform-based solution; Frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits; Linear 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions; State equations for networks

Coulomb’s Law; Electric Field Intensity; Electric Flux Density; Gauss’s Law; Divergence; Electric field and potential due to point, line, plane, and spherical charge distributions; Effect of dielectric medium; Capacitance of simple configurations; Biot–Savart’s law; Ampere’s law; Curl; Faraday’s law; Lorentz force; Inductance; MMF; Reluctance; Magnetic circuits; Self and Mutual inductance

Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; Shifting and scaling operations; Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) and causal systems; Fourier series for periodic signals; Sampling theorem and applications; Laplace transform; Z-transform; DTFT and DFT basics

Single-phase transformer: equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, OC/SC tests, regulation, efficiency; Three-phase transformers: connections, parallel operation; Auto-transformer; Electromechanical energy conversion; DC machines: separately excited, series, shunt; motoring and generating modes; starting and speed control; Three-phase induction motors: types, performance, torque–speed characteristics, no-load and blocked rotor tests, equivalent circuit, starting and speed control; Single-phase induction motors; Synchronous machines: cylindrical and salient pole, regulation, parallel operation, starting, power angle characteristics; Losses and efficiency

Power generation concepts; AC and DC transmission; Transmission line models and performance; Series and shunt compensation; Per-unit quantities; Bus admittance matrix (Y-bus); Gauss–Seidel and Newton–Raphson load flow; Voltage and frequency control; Power factor correction; Symmetrical components; Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis; Over-current, differential, and distance protection principles; Circuit breakers; System stability; Equal area criterion; Economic load dispatch; HVDC basics; FACTS devices

Mathematical modeling; Feedback principles; Transfer function; Block diagrams and Signal flow graphs; Transient and steady-state analysis of LTI systems; Routh–Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria; Bode plots; Root locus method; Lag, Lead, and Lead–Lag compensators; P, PI, and PID controllers; State-space model; State transition matrix; Observability and controllability

Bridges (Wheatstone, Kelvin, Maxwell, Schering) and Potentiometers; Measurement of voltage, current, power, energy, and power factor; Instrument transformers: CT and PT; Digital voltmeters and multimeters; Phase, time, and frequency measurement; Oscilloscopes; Error analysis: systematic and random errors, error propagation

Characteristics of diodes, BJT, and MOSFET; Diode circuits: clipping, clamping, and rectifiers; Amplifiers: biasing, small-signal equivalent circuits, frequency response; Oscillators and feedback amplifiers; Op-amps: characteristics and applications (inverting, non-inverting, integrator, differentiator); Active filters; VCOs and Timers; Sample and hold circuits

Combinational logic circuits (MUX, encoders, decoders, adders); Sequential logic circuits (flip-flops, counters, shift registers); Schmitt triggers; A/D and D/A converters; 8085 Microprocessor: architecture, programming, and interfacing

Semiconductor power devices: Diode, Thyristor, Triac, GTO, MOSFET, IGBT characteristics; DC-DC converters: Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost; Single and three-phase uncontrolled rectifiers; Line commutated thyristor-based converters; Bidirectional AC-DC voltage source converters; Single-phase and three-phase voltage and current source inverters; Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)

Propositional and first-order logic; Sets, Relations, Functions; Partial orders and lattices; Groups; Graph theory: connectivity, matching, coloring; Combinatorics: counting, recurrence relations, generating functions; Linear Algebra (matrices, eigenvalues); Probability and statistics

Machine instructions and addressing modes; ALU design and data path; CPU control; Instruction pipelining and pipeline hazards (structural, data, control); Memory hierarchy: registers, cache, main memory, secondary storage; I/O interface — interrupt-driven and DMA

System calls; Processes and threads; Inter-process communication; Concurrency and synchronization: semaphores, monitors, mutexes; Deadlock: detection, prevention, avoidance (Banker’s algorithm); CPU scheduling: FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, Priority; Memory management: paging, segmentation, virtual memory, TLB, page replacement; File systems; I/O systems

OSI and TCP/IP models; LAN technologies (Ethernet, CSMA/CD); Flow and error control: sliding window, CRC, Hamming code; Routing algorithms: link-state, distance-vector; Congestion control; TCP and UDP; Application layer protocols: HTTP, DNS, SMTP, FTP, DHCP; Network security fundamentals

Network graph theory; KCL and KVL; Mesh and node analysis; Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems; Superposition; Transient response of RLC circuits; Resonance; Two-port networks; Continuous and discrete-time signals; LTI systems; Fourier transform; Laplace transform; Z-transform; Sampling theorem

Analog modulation: AM, DSB, SSB, FM, PM — bandwidth and SNR analysis; Digital modulation: ASK, FSK, BPSK, QPSK, QAM, MSK — bit error rate and constellation diagrams; Random processes; Matched filters; Shannon’s capacity theorem; Source and channel coding; Multiple access techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA

Engineering mechanics: free body diagrams, equilibrium, friction, kinematics and dynamics of particles and rigid bodies; Mechanics of Materials: stress, strain, deflection of beams, Mohr’s circle, torsion, Euler’s column theory; Theory of Machines: kinematics of mechanisms, velocity and acceleration analysis, gear trains, flywheels, governors; Vibrations: free and forced vibrations, single DOF systems, resonance; Machine Design: design of shafts, gears, bearings, springs, bolted and welded joints, failure theories, fatigue

Fluid Mechanics: fluid statics, Bernoulli’s equation, viscous flow (Poiseuille, Couette), turbulent flow, boundary layer theory, flow through pipes, turbomachinery; Heat Transfer: conduction (Fourier’s law, fins), convection (forced and natural, Nusselt correlations), radiation (Stefan–Boltzmann law, view factors), heat exchangers; Thermodynamics: zeroth to third laws, Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle, Otto and Diesel cycles, vapour compression refrigeration, psychrometrics; IC engines

Engineering materials: crystal structure, iron–carbon diagram, heat treatment; Casting, forming (rolling, forging, drawing, extrusion), welding processes; Machining: turning, milling, drilling, tool life (Taylor’s equation), cutting force theory; Metrology: limits, fits, tolerances, surface finish; Industrial Engineering: PERT/CPM, inventory control (EOQ), linear programming, queuing models, quality management

Engineering mechanics: equilibrium; Solid mechanics: stress, strain, bending stress, shear stress, deflection, Mohr’s circle, torsion; Structural analysis: trusses, beams, frames, arches, cables, influence lines, energy methods, matrix stiffness method; Concrete structures: IS 456 limit state design of beams, slabs, columns, footings, prestressed concrete; Steel structures: IS 800 design of beams, columns, connections; Construction materials: concrete mix design, material tests

Linear Algebra: matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Calculus: functions of single and multiple variables, limits, continuity, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, integration. Differential Equations: linear ODEs, first-order equations, equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy–Euler equation. Probability and Statistics: mean, median, mode, variance, probability distributions (normal, Poisson, binomial), correlation and regression. Numerical Methods: solution of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, numerical integration.

Biochemistry: Biomolecules — structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; enzyme kinetics (Michaelis–Menten), enzyme inhibition (competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive); metabolism — glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid synthesis and beta-oxidation; amino acid catabolism; vitamins and coenzymes.

Microbiology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; microbial growth kinetics (lag, log, stationary, death phases); sterilisation and disinfection; antimicrobial agents and resistance mechanisms; microbial genetics — conjugation, transformation, transduction, plasmids.

Cell Biology: Cell cycle and division (mitosis, meiosis); signal transduction pathways; membrane transport (passive and active); cytoskeleton; cell death — apoptosis and necrosis; organelle biogenesis.

Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics; chromosomal basis of inheritance; linkage and crossing over; mutation types and DNA repair mechanisms; chromosomal aberrations. DNA structure, replication (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), and repair; transcription (prokaryotic and eukaryotic); RNA processing — capping, polyadenylation, splicing; translation — ribosomes, genetic code, post-translational modifications. Gene regulation — lac operon, trp operon, eukaryotic regulatory elements; epigenetics — DNA methylation, histone modification.

Bioreactor design — mass and energy balance, heat and mass transfer, mixing and aeration; oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and oxygen uptake rate (OUR); sterilisation — batch and continuous HTST sterilisation; scale-up and scale-down principles; transport phenomena in biological systems — diffusion in biofilms, liquid–liquid mass transfer; rheology of fermentation broths; biosensor fundamentals — electrochemical and optical biosensors.

Microbial growth kinetics — Monod equation, substrate and product inhibition; batch, fed-batch, and continuous (chemostat) fermentation; productivity and yield coefficients. Downstream processing — cell disruption, centrifugation, filtration (microfiltration, ultrafiltration), chromatography (gel filtration, ion exchange, affinity, reverse-phase), crystallisation, lyophilisation. Bioconversion processes — aerobic and anaerobic fermentation; industrial production of ethanol, organic acids (citric acid, lactic acid), antibiotics (penicillin), amino acids, and vitamins; wastewater biotreatment.

Plant Biotechnology: Tissue culture techniques — callus culture, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast fusion, anther culture; Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Ti plasmid system) and direct gene transfer methods; molecular markers — RFLP, RAPD, SSR, SNP; transgenic plants — herbicide tolerance (Roundup Ready), pest resistance (Bt plants), pharming; biofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum) and biopesticides (Beauveria).

Animal Biotechnology: Animal cell culture — primary, secondary, and continuous cell lines; immortalisation techniques; cell culture media and supplements; scale-up in stirred bioreactors; production of monoclonal antibodies (hybridoma technology — HAT medium, clonal selection); vaccine types — subunit, live attenuated, inactivated, recombinant, DNA vaccines; ELISA formats (direct, indirect, sandwich, competitive); transgenic animals — knock-in and knockout strategies using embryonic stem cells.

Restriction enzymes (Type I, II, III) and their applications; cloning vectors — plasmids (pUC19), bacteriophage (lambda phage, M13), cosmids, BAC, YAC; gene cloning strategies (directional cloning, TA cloning); PCR and its variants — RT-PCR, real-time (qPCR), digital PCR, LAMP; DNA sequencing — Sanger (chain-termination) and next-generation sequencing (Illumina, Nanopore); gel electrophoresis (agarose and PAGE); Southern, Northern, and Western blotting; genomics and proteomics — sequence databases, BLAST, multiple sequence alignment; CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing — mechanism, guide RNA design, applications in knock-in/knockout; flow cytometry and FACS; microarray technology; stem cell types (totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent) and applications; bioinformatics tools for genome and protein structure analysis.