NEET Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Chapter Wise Weightage and PDF Download

Significant figures; errors in measurement; types of errors (systematic, random, gross); dimensions; dimensional analysis; use of dimensions to check equations and derive relations.

Motion in a straight line; motion in a plane; scalar and vector quantities; projectile motion; relative velocity; uniform circular motion.

Newton’s first, second, and third laws; linear momentum; impulse; static and kinetic friction; dynamics of uniform circular motion.

Work-energy theorem; kinetic and potential energy; conservation of mechanical energy; power; elastic and inelastic collisions (1D and 2D).

Centre of mass; angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration; torque; angular momentum; moment of inertia; theorems of parallel and perpendicular axes; rolling motion without slipping.

Universal law of gravitation; acceleration due to gravity and its variation; gravitational potential energy; escape velocity; orbital velocity; satellite motion.

Elastic behaviour; stress-strain relationship; Young’s modulus; bulk modulus; rigidity modulus; viscosity; Stokes’ law; surface tension; angle of contact; capillarity; Pascal’s law.

Temperature and heat; specific heat capacity; calorimetry; change of state; latent heat; heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation); Newton’s law of cooling.

Thermal equilibrium; zeroth law; internal energy; first law; isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric, and isobaric processes; second law; Carnot engine and its efficiency.

Equation of state of a perfect gas; kinetic interpretation of temperature; RMS speed; degrees of freedom; law of equipartition of energy; mean free path.

Periodic motion; simple harmonic motion; energy in SHM; simple pendulum; free and forced oscillations; resonance; longitudinal and transverse waves; standing waves; beats; Doppler effect.

Coulomb’s law; electric field; Gauss’s law; electric potential; equipotential surfaces; capacitors in series and parallel; energy stored in a capacitor; dielectrics.

Electric current; Ohm’s law; resistivity; temperature dependence of resistance; Kirchhoff’s laws; Wheatstone bridge; metre bridge; internal resistance; cells in series and parallel.

Biot-Savart law; Ampere’s circuital law; force on a moving charge in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer; bar magnets; Earth’s magnetic field; dia-, para-, and ferromagnetism.

Faraday’s law; Lenz’s law; self and mutual inductance; eddy currents; RMS and peak values; LCR series circuit; resonance; power factor; transformers.

Displacement current; EM wave characteristics; electromagnetic spectrum — radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays — and their sources and uses.

Ray Optics: reflection; refraction; total internal reflection; thin lens formula; combination of lenses; optical instruments (microscope, telescope). Wave Optics: Huygens’ principle; interference (Young’s double slit experiment); diffraction; polarization.

Photoelectric effect; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; work function; stopping potential; de Broglie wavelength; Davisson-Germer experiment.

Bohr model; hydrogen spectrum; nuclear composition; size; binding energy; mass defect; radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma decay); half-life; nuclear fission and fusion.

Energy bands in solids; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; p-n junction diode (forward and reverse bias); Zener diode; transistor (CE configuration); logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR).

Practical-based conceptual questions; Vernier calipers; screw gauge; metre bridge; simple pendulum; resistance using colour code; semiconductor diode experiments.

Mole concept; Avogadro’s number; atomic and molecular masses; stoichiometry; laws of chemical combination; limiting reagent; empirical and molecular formula.

Bohr model; quantum mechanical model; quantum numbers; shapes of s, p, d orbitals; Aufbau principle; Hund’s rule; Pauli exclusion principle; electronic configurations of elements.

Modern periodic law; s, p, d, f block elements; periodic trends in atomic and ionic radius; ionization enthalpy; electron gain enthalpy; electronegativity; valence.

Ionic bond; covalent bond; bond parameters; Lewis structures; VSEPR theory; hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3); molecular orbital theory; bond order; resonance; dipole moment; hydrogen bonding.

System and surroundings; first law of thermodynamics; enthalpy; standard enthalpy of reactions; Hess’s law; entropy; second law; Gibbs free energy; spontaneity criteria.

Physical and chemical equilibrium; law of mass action; equilibrium constant (Kc, Kp); Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium; strong and weak acids/bases; pH; buffer solutions; Henderson-Hasselbalch equation; solubility product; common ion effect.

Oxidation states; identifying oxidising and reducing agents; balancing redox equations by oxidation number method; balancing by half-reaction method.

General properties of p-block elements; boron family (borax, boric acid, boron hydrides); carbon family; allotropes of carbon; silicon and its compounds; important compounds and their uses.

IUPAC nomenclature; classification of organic compounds; inductive effect; mesomeric (resonance) effect; hyperconjugation; electrophiles and nucleophiles; carbocations; carbanions; free radicals; methods of purification (crystallization, distillation, chromatography).

Alkanes: nomenclature, conformations, reactions (free radical halogenation). Alkenes: addition reactions, Markovnikov’s rule, E2 elimination. Alkynes: acidic nature, reactions. Benzene and arenes: structure, Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation.

Types of solutions; concentration units; solubility and temperature; Raoult’s law; colligative properties (vapour pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure); van’t Hoff factor; abnormal molar mass.

Galvanic cells; standard electrode potential; EMF of a cell; Nernst equation; Gibbs energy and EMF; electrolytic cells; Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; conductance; molar conductance; corrosion.

Rate of reaction; rate law; order and molecularity; integrated rate equations (zero, first, second order); half-life; activation energy; Arrhenius equation; catalysis (homogeneous and heterogeneous).

Nitrogen family: ammonia (NH3), nitric acid (HNO3). Phosphorus allotropes. Oxygen family: ozone, sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Halogens: properties and interhalogen compounds. Noble gases: uses and compounds of xenon.

General properties of transition metals; variable oxidation states; coloured ions; magnetic properties; catalytic activity; lanthanoid and actinoid contraction; uses of transition metals.

Werner’s theory; IUPAC nomenclature; coordination number and geometry; isomerism (structural and stereoisomerism); bonding theories (VBT and Crystal Field Theory); stability constants; biological applications (haemoglobin, chlorophyll).

Classification and nomenclature; physical properties; SN1 and SN2 reaction mechanisms; stereochemistry of substitution; reactions of haloarenes; environmental impact of halogenated compounds.

Preparation and physical properties; reactions of alcohols (dehydration, esterification, Lucas test); acidic character of phenols; electrophilic substitution of phenols; Williamson synthesis of ethers.

Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group; aldol condensation; Cannizzaro reaction; oxidation and reduction; cross-aldol condensation; preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives.

Classification of amines; preparation; basicity and its comparison; reactions (acylation, nitrous acid reaction); diazonium salts — preparation and synthetic applications (Sandmeyer and Balz-Schiemann reactions).

Carbohydrates (mono-, di-, polysaccharides; reducing and non-reducing sugars); proteins (amino acids, peptide bond, primary to quaternary structure, denaturation); vitamins (fat-soluble and water-soluble); nucleic acids (DNA and RNA structure and function).

Detection of elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds; detection of functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino); systematic qualitative analysis; acidimetry and alkalimetry titrations.

What is living; diversity in the living world; species concept; binomial nomenclature; three-domain and five-kingdom classification systems.

Five-kingdom classification (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia); Kingdom Monera (bacteria, cyanobacteria, mycoplasma); Kingdom Fungi (phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes); viruses; viroids; lichens.

Algae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta — examples and characteristics); Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts); Pteridophyta (ferns — sporophyte and gametophyte); Gymnosperms (Cycas and Pinus); alternation of generations.

Root (types and modifications); stem (modifications); leaf (types, venation, phyllotaxy); inflorescence types; flower structure; fruit and seed; semi-technical description of families: Malvaceae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae.

Meristematic tissues (apical, lateral, intercalary); permanent tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma; complex: xylem, phloem); anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem, and leaf.

Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cell structure; cell membrane (fluid mosaic model); cell wall; nucleus; cell organelles: mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, centrosome.

Proteins (amino acids, peptide bonds, primary to quaternary structure); carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides); lipids; nucleic acids (purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleotides, DNA and RNA); enzymes (properties, cofactors, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, inhibition).

Cell cycle phases (G1, S, G2, M); checkpoints. Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis. Meiosis I (leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis); Meiosis II. Significance of mitosis and meiosis.

Chloroplast structure; pigments (chlorophyll a/b, carotenoids); Photosystem I and II; light reactions (photolysis, photophosphorylation, NADPH); Calvin cycle (C3 pathway); C4 pathway (Hatch-Slack); photorespiration; factors affecting photosynthesis.

Glycolysis; fermentation (alcoholic and lactic acid); aerobic respiration; Krebs cycle (TCA cycle); oxidative phosphorylation; ATP synthesis (chemiosmosis); respiratory quotient (RQ).

Growth phases (lag, log, senescence); plant growth regulators: auxins (apical dominance), gibberellins (stem elongation, seed germination), cytokinins (cell division), ethylene (fruit ripening), abscisic acid (dormancy, stomatal closure); photoperiodism (SDP, LDP); phytochrome.

Flower structure; microsporogenesis; male gametophyte; megasporogenesis; female gametophyte (embryo sac); types of pollination; pollen-pistil interaction; fertilization; double fertilization; endosperm development; embryogenesis; seed and fruit development; apomixis; parthenocarpy; polyembryony.

Mendel’s laws (dominance, segregation, independent assortment); incomplete dominance; codominance; multiple alleles; ABO blood groups; pleiotropy; polygenic inheritance; linkage and crossing over; sex-linked inheritance; chromosomal disorders: Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner’s syndrome (45, X), Klinefelter’s syndrome (47, XXY).

DNA structure (Watson-Crick double helix; base pairing rules); DNA packaging (nucleosome, chromatin); DNA replication (semi-conservative; Meselson-Stahl experiment; helicase, primase, DNA pol III, ligase); transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; processing of hnRNA (capping, tailing, splicing); genetic code (codons, wobble hypothesis); translation; lac operon; human genome project; DNA fingerprinting (VNTR).

Origin of life (Miller-Urey experiment; Oparin-Haldane theory); Darwin’s theory; evidence for evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomy, biogeographical); adaptive radiation; genetic drift; founder effect; Hardy-Weinberg principle; speciation (allopatric, sympatric); human evolution milestones.

Habitat and niche; population attributes (birth rate, death rate, sex ratio, age pyramids); population growth models (exponential and logistic — r and K strategies); population interactions: predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, amensalism.

Ecosystem structure (biotic and abiotic); productivity (gross and net primary); decomposition (detritivores, fragmentation, leaching, humification, mineralisation); energy flow; food chains and webs; ecological pyramids (number, biomass, energy); biogeochemical cycles (carbon and phosphorus); ecosystem services.

Levels of biodiversity (genetic, species, ecological); species richness and latitudinal gradients; causes of biodiversity loss (habitat destruction, overexploitation, invasive species, co-extinctions); biodiversity hotspots; in-situ conservation (national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves); ex-situ conservation (seed banks, botanical gardens, zoological parks); Biodiversity Act 2002.

Basis of classification (levels of organisation, symmetry, coelom, segmentation, notochord); non-chordates: Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata; chordates: Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia — distinguishing features and examples.

Animal tissues: epithelial (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated, glandular), connective (areolar, adipose, bone, blood), muscular (striated, smooth, cardiac), neural. Morphology and anatomy of cockroach (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, reproductive) and frog.

Human respiratory system; mechanism of breathing (inspiration and expiration); respiratory volumes (tidal, IRV, ERV, residual); gas exchange (partial pressures); transport of oxygen (oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve) and CO2; regulation of respiration; disorders (asthma, emphysema).

Blood composition (plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets); blood groups (ABO system — antigens and antibodies; Rh factor); coagulation; lymph; human heart structure; cardiac cycle; cardiac output; ECG; double circulation; disorders (hypertension, coronary artery disease).

Human excretory system; kidney structure (cortex, medulla, pelvis); nephron anatomy (Bowman’s capsule, PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct); urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, secretion); counter-current mechanism; regulation by ADH and aldosterone; renal disorders; dialysis.

Types of movement (amoeboid, ciliary, muscular); structure of skeletal muscle (sarcomere, actin, myosin); sliding filament theory; neuromuscular junction; axial and appendicular skeleton; joints (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial); disorders (myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis).

Neuron structure (dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier); resting membrane potential; action potential generation and propagation; synaptic transmission; CNS: forebrain (cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus), midbrain, hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, medulla); PNS; reflex arc.

Endocrine glands: hypothalamus (releasing and inhibiting hormones); pituitary (GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin, ADH, oxytocin); thyroid (T3, T4, calcitonin); parathyroid (PTH); adrenal cortex (corticosteroids) and medulla (adrenaline, noradrenaline); pancreas (insulin, glucagon); gonads; feedback mechanisms; mechanism of hormone action.

Male reproductive system (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory glands); spermatogenesis; female reproductive system (ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina); oogenesis; menstrual cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal phases); hormonal control (FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone); fertilization; zygote cleavage; blastulation; implantation; embryonic development; placenta; parturition; lactation.

Population growth and reproductive health; contraception methods (barrier, IUDs, oral pills, implants, surgical sterilization); Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhoea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, genital herpes); infertility and causes; assisted reproductive technologies: IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, artificial insemination.

Common diseases: malaria (Plasmodium life cycle), typhoid (Salmonella typhi), pneumonia, amoebiasis, ascariasis, dengue (Aedes mosquito); innate and acquired immunity; lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils); vaccines; monoclonal antibodies; cancer (benign vs malignant, carcinogens, treatment modalities); HIV-AIDS; drugs and alcohol abuse.

Microbes in household food production (curd, cheese, bread); industrial microbiology (antibiotics, ethanol, organic acids, vitamins, statins); sewage treatment (primary and secondary — trickling filter, activated sludge process); biogas production (methanogens); biocontrol agents (Baculovirus, Trichoderma); biofertilizers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Anabaena, mycorrhizae).

Principles of biotechnology (genetic engineering, bioprocess engineering); tools of recombinant DNA technology: restriction enzymes (EcoRI, HindIII — recognition sequences, sticky ends), cloning vectors (plasmids — pBR322; bacteriophages; cosmids; YACs), host cells; PCR (denaturation, annealing, extension); gel electrophoresis; Southern and Northern blotting; gene library construction; bioreactors.

Bt crops (Bacillus thuringiensis — Bt toxin mechanism, Bt cotton); pest-resistant and herbicide-tolerant crops; transgenic animals; human insulin production (A and B chains in E. coli); gene therapy (ADA deficiency); molecular diagnosis (ELISA, PCR for HIV and genetic disorders); biosafety (biopiracy, Cartagena Protocol); ethical issues of GMOs.