Condensed Structural Formula: Definition and Solved Examples

Ans. The kinds and spatial arrangement of bonds in a simple chemical substance can be represented by a condensed chemical formula, although it does not always define isomers or complicated structures. 

• Ethane, for example, is made up of two carbon atoms that are single-bonded to one other, with three hydrogen atoms connected to each carbon atom. The molecular formula for this substance is CH3CH3. Because there is a double bond between the carbon atoms in ethylene, the chemical formula is CH2CH2. 
• The fact that there is a double bond between the carbons is implied by the fact that carbon has a valence of four. However, writing H2C=CH2. 
• Molecules having several functional groups that are the same can be represented using round brackets to enclose the repetitive group. Isobutane, for example, can be represented as (CH3)3CH. 
• This condensed structural formula denotes a different level of connectedness than other molecules that may be made with the same atoms in the same amounts (isomers). 
• A core carbon atom is coupled to one hydrogen atom and three CH3 groups in the formula (CH3)3CH. A straight chain molecule, n-butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3, may be made with the same number of atoms of each element.

Ans. Parentheses are used to surround the repeating unit in polymers with condensed chemical formulas. A hydrocarbon molecule defined as CH3(CH2)50CH3, for example, is a molecule having fifty repeating units. The letter n might be used to represent this formula: CH3(CH2)nCH3 if the number of repeating units is unknown or changeable.

Ans. Hexane has a chemical formula of C6H14 and is a six-carbon hydrocarbon. The molecular formula specifies the quantity and kind of atoms but not the bonds that connect them. CH3(CH2)4CH3 is the condensed formula. The condensed formula for hexane is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3. It's simpler to picture a molecule using its condensed formula rather than its molecular formula, especially when the chemical bonds might form in a variety of ways.

CH3CH(OH)CH3 and (CH3)CHOH are two methods to express the condensed formula of propan-2-ol. Here are some more concise formula examples:

• CH3CH=CH2 is the formula for propene.
• (CH3)2CHOCH3 isopropyl methyl ether.

Ans. A chemical compound's structural formula is a visual depiction of the molecular structure (derived by structural chemistry methods) that shows how the atoms may be organised in real three-dimensional space. The chemical bonding of the molecule is also illustrated, either explicitly or indirectly. Unlike chemical formulae, which have a restricted number of symbols and can only describe a limited number of molecular structures, structural formulas give a more comprehensive geometric depiction of the molecular structure. Many chemical compounds, for example, exist in several isomeric forms, each with a distinct enantiomeric structure but the same chemical formula.

• For increasingly complicated organic compounds, skeletal formulas are the conventional nomenclature. The carbon atoms are inferred to be situated at the vertices (corners) and ends of line segments rather than being shown with the atomic symbol C in this sort of figure, which was initially employed by organic chemist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz.
• The number of hydrogen atoms coupled to carbon atoms is not specified; each carbon atom is assumed to be associated with enough hydrogen atoms to give it four bonds. One of the inferred hydrogen atoms is replaced by the existence of a positive or negative charge on a carbon atom.

Ans. The bonds between the atoms are represented by lines in a structural formula. Most or all of the bonds are omitted in a simplified structural formula.

• A molecule's condensed formula is the formula in which the atom symbols are written in the order in which they exist in the molecule's structure, with bond dashes deleted or limited. 
• While horizontal bonds are seldom used to designate polyatomic groups, vertical bonds are usually removed.
• The polyatomic group associated with the centre atom to the right of the parenthesis is indicated by parentheses in a condensed formula. A truly condensed formula is one that may be written on a single line with no branching above or below it.

Ans. A right-hand superscript can be used to indicate the charge on a specific atom in ions. For instance, Na+ or Cu2+. This method may also be used to display the total charge on a charged molecule or a polyatomic ion. For instance, H3O+ or SO4. It's worth noting that + and - are substituted for +1 and -1, respectively.

• Brackets [] are frequently used to encapsulate the ionic formula for more complicated ions, as in [B12H12]2, which may be found in compounds like Cs2[B12H12]. To denote a repeating unit, parentheses () can be nested inside brackets, as in [Co(NH3)6]3+Cl3. [] encloses the complete formula of the ion with charge +3, and (NH3)6 denotes that the ion has six NH3 groups linked to cobalt.
• Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride can be expressed as [Co(NH3)6]3+Cl3 or [Co(NH3)6]Cl3. This is completely optional; a chemical formula is valid with or without ionisation information. Brackets, like parenthesis, act as grouping devices in chemistry, bringing together concepts that aren't necessarily related to ionisation states. The parenthesis in this example show six groups, all of the same form, joined to another group of size one (the cobalt atom), and finally the entire bundle is attached to three chlorine atoms as a group. It is evident in the first situation that the link between the chlorines is ionic rather than covalent.

Ans. b. OHC(CH2)3CHO

Explanation: We need to determine the hexanedial's condensed formula, hence we need to know that the condensed formula is the one that can be crammed into a little space. We're also discussing the hexanedial, which denotes a six-carbon molecule with two aldehyde groups attached. More about aldehydes, namely the hexanedial, will be discussed in the future. So, we know that when we find a CHO as a functional group, we get aldehydes. We should also be aware that volatile aldehydes have a strong odour.

Ans. The two types of basic particles that make up an atom are electrons and quarks. Electrons fill the space around an atom's nucleus. Each electron has a -1 electrical charge. Quarks are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, which make up the nucleus of an atom. Each proton and neutron have three quarks. A quark is a type of energy particle that moves quickly. Quarks are available in a wide range of forms and sizes. The two types of quarks that make up protons and neutrons are up and down quarks.

Ans. 

Begin by sketching the CH3. The (CH2)7 stands for a repeating unit, which means you must draw seven CH2s one after the other, each bound to a CH, and then another seven CH2s. A carboxylic acid is represented by the COOH, which indicates you have a C=O coupled to an O-H. Double-check your structure to make sure each carbon has four bonds. When you do this, you'll notice that the two CH are required to be doubly bonded.

Ans. The condensed structural formula, often known as the semi-structural formula, is written as follows:

Step 1: Draw the molecule's 2-dimensional structural formula.

Step 2: In the structural formula, look for the carbon backbone (or skeleton) and any branches or side-chains, as well as any functional groups like halogen (group 17) atoms.

Step 3: In the 2-dimensional structural formula, identify groupings of atoms along the carbon backbone.

Step 4: Redraw the formula by substituting the condensed structure, or semi-structural formula, for the identified groups of atoms in the two-dimensional structural formula.

Step 5: Break the backbone or skeleton's single carbon-carbon covalent connections.

Step 6: If the molecule has branches or side chains, do the following:

• Reduce the structure to that of a carbon backbone.
• surround groups of atoms linked to the chain with parentheses (round brackets).
• indicate the number of times this group appears at that position with a subscript number.
• write this group to the right of the backbone's carbon atom at the position where it is found.