Maharashtra Board Class 10 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, PDF Download and Marking Scheme

Simultaneous linear equations; graphical method of solution; algebraic methods — substitution, elimination, cross-multiplication; conditions for consistency and inconsistency; word problems based on daily-life situations.

Standard form of a quadratic equation; solutions by factorisation; completing the square method; quadratic formula (Sridharacharya rule); nature of roots using discriminant (Δ); word problems on quadratic equations.

Definition, notation, and common difference; general term (tn) of an AP; sum of first n terms (Sn); relationship between tn and Sn; arithmetic mean; problems on number of terms and sums.

GST — concept, types (CGST, SGST, IGST), computation on transactions; income tax — basic concepts and computation; shares and dividends — face value, market value, dividend per share, rate of return; insurance basics.

Classical definition of probability; sample space and events; probability of an event; complementary events; addition theorem for two mutually exclusive events; problems based on coins, dice, playing cards, and bags.

Mean, median, and mode of grouped data (direct, assumed mean, step deviation methods); cumulative frequency table; ogive (less than type and more than type); histogram and frequency polygon construction and interpretation.

Similar figures; criteria for similarity of triangles (AA, SAS, SSS); Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) and its converse; property of areas of similar triangles; similarity in right-angled triangles; angle bisector theorem.

Proof of Pythagoras theorem; converse of Pythagoras theorem; Apollonius theorem; application of Pythagoras theorem in real-life problems; special right triangles (30-60-90 and 45-45-90).

Tangent to a circle — tangent perpendicular to radius; equal tangents from an external point; touching circles (internally and externally); common tangents; chord properties; inscribed angle theorem; cyclic quadrilateral properties.

Division of a line segment in a given ratio; construction of a triangle similar to a given triangle; construction of tangent to a circle from an external point; construction of tangent at a point on the circle.

Distance formula; section formula (internal division); midpoint formula; centroid of a triangle; area of a triangle using coordinates; slope of a line; collinearity of three points; equation of a line — slope-intercept and two-point forms.

Trigonometric ratios (sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec, cot); values at standard angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°); trigonometric identities; applications to heights and distances — angle of elevation, angle of depression; problems using a single angle.

Surface area and volume of cube, cuboid, cylinder, cone, sphere, and hemisphere; combination of solids; conversion of one solid to another; frustum of a cone — lateral surface area and volume.

Newton’s law of gravitation; universal gravitational constant (G); gravitational acceleration (g) and its variation with altitude and depth; mass vs weight; free fall; escape velocity; orbital velocity; Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.

Dobereiner’s triads; Newlands’ law of octaves; Mendeleev’s periodic table — merits and limitations; Modern periodic law and table; periods and groups; periodic trends — atomic radius, ionisation energy, electronegativity, metallic and non-metallic character.

Balancing chemical equations; types of reactions — combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, oxidation-reduction; corrosion and rancidity; exothermic and endothermic reactions; effects of oxidation in everyday life.

Ohm’s law; resistance in series and parallel; electric power and energy; heating effect — Joule’s law; applications (electric bulb, heater, fuse); magnetic effect of electric current; electromagnetic induction; electric motor and generator basics.

Specific heat capacity; calorimetry and the method of mixtures; latent heat of fusion and vaporisation; change of state; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases; modes of heat transfer — conduction, convection, and radiation.

Laws of refraction; refractive index (absolute and relative); relationship between refractive index and speed of light; total internal reflection; critical angle; refraction through glass slab; apparent depth and real depth; atmospheric refraction — twinkling of stars, advance sunrise.

Types of lenses (convex and concave); image formation using ray diagrams for various object positions; lens formula; magnification; power of a lens; combination of lenses; defects of human vision — myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia, astigmatism — and their correction using lenses.

Nutrition in plants (autotrophic and heterotrophic); photosynthesis — light-dependent and light-independent reactions, chlorophyll; respiration — aerobic and anaerobic; gaseous exchange in plants and animals; human digestive system with diagram.

Excretion in plants and animals; human excretory system with diagram; nervous system — neurons, types, reflex arc, reflex action; brain structure and functions; endocrine system — hormones; asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals.

Mendel’s laws — law of segregation and independent assortment; monohybrid and dihybrid cross; Punnett square; sex determination in humans; mutations; Darwin’s theory of natural selection; Lamarck’s theory; speciation; evidence of evolution; human evolution.

Useful microbes — fermentation (bread, curd, alcohol); antibiotics; vaccines; biofertilisers; biogas; harmful microbes — bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan diseases; transmission routes; hygiene and prevention; sewage treatment.

Fossil fuels — coal, petroleum, natural gas; environmental impact of fossil fuels; renewable energy sources — solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal; biogas production; solar cells; wind turbines; need for sustainable energy; India’s renewable energy goals.

Basis of classification; five-kingdom classification (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia); invertebrate phyla — Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata; vertebrate classes — Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia.

Concept and branches of biotechnology; recombinant DNA technology — restriction enzymes, gene cloning; applications in medicine (insulin production, gene therapy) and agriculture (GM crops); transgenic plants and animals; ethical issues in biotechnology.

Meaning and scope of history; primary and secondary sources; archaeological sources (coins, inscriptions, monuments); literary sources; oral history; importance of studying history for nation-building.

Partition of India (1947) and its impact; integration of princely states; role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel; linguistic reorganisation of states; framing the Constitution; challenges of a newly independent nation.

Scientific and technological developments in post-independence India; ISRO and India’s space programme; nuclear programme (BARC, DAE); Green Revolution and food security; Information Technology revolution; Digital India initiative.

Dalit movement and social justice; women’s movement; environmental movements (Chipko, Narmada Bachao Andolan); anti-corruption movements; role of civil society organisations; media and public opinion in democracy.

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) — India’s leadership role; India’s foreign policy principles; India and the United Nations; India–Pakistan relations; India–China relations; globalisation and India’s position in the world economy.

Preamble; Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35); Directive Principles of State Policy; Fundamental Duties; constitutional amendments; separation of powers — legislature, executive, judiciary; federal structure of India.

Election Commission of India — composition and powers; general elections; Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections; voters’ rights and responsibilities; electronic voting machines (EVMs); NOTA; model code of conduct.

Role of political parties in democracy; national and regional (state) parties — recognition criteria; coalition government; role of opposition; pressure groups and interest groups; challenges to Indian democracy.

73rd Constitutional Amendment — Panchayati Raj; 74th Amendment — urban local bodies; three-tier Panchayati Raj system; Gram Sabha; municipality and municipal corporation; powers and functions; reservation for women and SC/ST in local bodies.

Purpose and planning of a geographical field visit; observation methods; sketching and mapping; recording data; report writing; use of geographical instruments — compass, clinometer, barometer basics.

Latitudinal and longitudinal extent; standard meridian (82.5°E); India’s size and area; neighbouring countries; coastline length; states and Union Territories; geopolitical significance of India’s location.

Himalayas — Trans, Greater, Lesser, Siwalik ranges and their significance; Northern Plains — formation and importance; Peninsular Plateau — Deccan Plateau; Thar Desert; Eastern and Western Coastal Plains; Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Himalayan and Peninsular river systems; Ganga river system — tributaries and importance; Brahmaputra; west-flowing and east-flowing Peninsular rivers; freshwater lakes; significance of rivers to the Indian economy and culture.

Factors influencing Indian climate (latitude, altitude, distance from sea, western disturbances); Indian monsoon mechanism; four seasons — pre-monsoon, south-west monsoon, retreating monsoon, winter; distribution of rainfall; climatic regions.

Land use patterns in India; types of soil — alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert; soil erosion and conservation methods; surface and groundwater resources; water conservation and rainwater harvesting; drought-prone areas and management.

Types of forests in India — tropical, deciduous, coniferous; forest products and economic importance; endangered species; national parks and wildlife sanctuaries; Project Tiger and Project Elephant; deforestation causes and impact; conservation measures.

Types of farming — subsistence and commercial; kharif and rabi crops; major food crops — rice, wheat; cash crops — cotton, sugarcane, jute, tea, coffee; challenges — small land holdings, irrigation dependence; Green Revolution — impact and limitations.

Metallic minerals — iron ore (Jharkhand, Odisha), manganese, copper, bauxite; non-metallic minerals — mica, limestone; conventional energy — coal, petroleum, natural gas; non-conventional energy — solar, wind, tidal, geothermal; India’s energy challenges.

Reading comprehension (seen and unseen passages); grammar — tenses, parts of speech, transformation of sentences, voice, narration; writing skills — formal and informal letters, essays, reports, summaries; poetry appreciation — figures of speech, central idea; vocabulary development.

Reading comprehension — seen passage from textbook and unseen passage; grammar — active-passive voice, direct-indirect speech, sentence transformation, tenses; writing — formal and informal letters, paragraph writing, notice writing; prescribed textbook prose and poetry; vocabulary and word meanings.