NIOS Class X Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Weightage and PDF Download

Real numbers, Euclid’s division lemma, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, irrational numbers, decimal representation of rational and irrational numbers.

Polynomials (zeros, relation between zeros and coefficients); Linear equations in two variables (graphical and algebraic methods); Quadratic equations (factorisation, completing the square, quadratic formula, discriminant); Arithmetic Progressions (nth term, sum of AP).

Distance formula, section formula (internal and external division), midpoint formula, area of a triangle using coordinate geometry.

Similar triangles (criteria, areas, Basic Proportionality Theorem, Pythagoras theorem); Circles (tangent properties, number of tangents from an external point); Constructions (division of a line segment, construction of tangents to a circle).

Trigonometric ratios (sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec, cot); values for standard angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°); trigonometric identities; heights and distances (angle of elevation and depression, two-observer problems).

Areas related to circles (sector, segment, combinations); surface areas and volumes of sphere, cone, cylinder, hemisphere, and combinations of solids; conversion of one solid shape to another.

Mean, median, mode of grouped data; cumulative frequency distribution and ogive; probability — classical definition, complementary events, simple single-event problems.

Laws of reflection; spherical mirrors (mirror formula, magnification); refraction; Snell’s law; total internal reflection; refraction through a glass slab; convex and concave lenses (lens formula, power of a lens).

Structure of the human eye; accommodation; defects of vision (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia) and their correction; dispersion of white light; rainbow formation; atmospheric refraction.

Ohm’s Law; resistance and resistivity; series and parallel combinations of resistors; Joule’s Law; electric power; heating effect of current; domestic electric circuits; safety devices (fuse, MCB).

Magnetic field and field lines; right-hand thumb rule; Fleming’s left-hand rule; electric motor; electromagnetic induction; Fleming’s right-hand rule; AC generator; AC vs DC; advantages of AC for long-distance transmission.

Conventional sources: fossil fuels, thermal power, hydropower; non-conventional sources: solar, wind, biogas, tidal, geothermal energy; nuclear energy (fission and fusion); environmental impact of energy use.

Writing and balancing chemical equations; types of reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, precipitation, neutralisation; oxidation and reduction; exothermic and endothermic reactions.

Properties of acids and bases; neutralisation; pH scale and indicators; common salts and their uses; water of crystallisation; baking soda, washing soda, bleaching powder, and plaster of Paris.

Physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals; reactivity series; ionic bonding; extraction of metals (ores, reduction, refining); corrosion and its prevention; alloys and their uses.

Covalent bonding; catenation and tetravalency; homologous series; functional groups; nomenclature of carbon compounds; properties of ethanol and ethanoic acid; soaps and detergents.

Dobereiner’s triads; Newlands’ law of octaves; Mendeleev’s periodic table (achievements and limitations); Modern Periodic Table; periodic trends: atomic size, metallic character, valency, electronegativity.

Nutrition (autotrophic — photosynthesis; heterotrophic — human digestion); aerobic and anaerobic respiration; transportation (blood, heart, xylem, phloem); excretion in humans and plants.

Neuron structure; reflex arc; human brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla); plant hormones (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid); human endocrine glands and their hormones.

Asexual reproduction: fission, budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation, spore formation; sexual reproduction in flowering plants; human reproductive system; reproductive health and contraception.

Mendel’s laws of inheritance; monohybrid and dihybrid crosses; sex determination in humans; acquired vs inherited traits; speciation; Darwin’s theory of evolution; human evolution.

Ecosystem components (biotic, abiotic); food chains and food webs; trophic levels; biodegradable vs non-biodegradable waste; ozone layer depletion; sustainable management of forests, water, and fossil fuel resources.

Impact of the French Revolution; concept of the nation-state; role of culture in nationalism; Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Bismarck; unification of Italy and Germany; visualising the nation through art and allegory.

French colonialism in Vietnam; scholars’ revolt and Hoa Hao movement; role of Ho Chi Minh; women in the anti-imperialist movement; US involvement and the Vietnam War.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920); Civil Disobedience Movement and the Salt March (1930); Quit India Movement (1942); role of Gandhi; representation of different communities in the national movement.

Proto-industrialisation; factory system; industrial revolution in Britain and India; labour conditions; print culture in Europe (Gutenberg press) and India; impact of print on religious reform and nationalism.

Types and classification of resources; resource planning in India; land resources; land use patterns; types of soil in India; soil erosion and soil conservation measures.

Water scarcity; multi-purpose river projects (advantages and disadvantages); rainwater harvesting; types of farming (subsistence, commercial, plantation); major crops; crop seasons (Kharif, Rabi, Zaid); food security in India.

Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals; conventional vs non-conventional energy resources; types of transport (roadways, railways, waterways, airways); communication networks; India’s international trade.

Horizontal and vertical power sharing; Belgium and Sri Lanka case studies; federalism in India; decentralisation; local self-government; diversity and democracy.

Gender, religion, and caste in politics; functions and challenges of political parties; popular struggles and movements; outcomes and challenges of democracy; accountability and responsiveness.

Economic development indicators (per capita income, HDI); primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors; organised and unorganised sectors; money and credit; banking system; globalisation and Indian economy; consumer rights and the Consumer Protection Act.

Unseen passage (factual, descriptive, or literary); comprehension questions (MCQ, short answers); note making; summarising; vocabulary in context (synonyms, antonyms, word meaning).

Formal letters (complaint, application, enquiry); informal letters (to friends and family); essay writing; article writing; report writing; data interpretation (describing a pie chart, bar graph, or table).

Tenses (all forms); reported speech (statements, questions, commands); active and passive voice; modals; subject-verb agreement; articles; prepositions; conjunctions; determiners; sentence transformation; gap filling.

Prose extracts from the NIOS prescribed textbook (comprehension, character analysis, theme); poetry (central idea, figures of speech, appreciation); drama or story excerpts (context-based questions).

Reading and comprehension of an unseen prose passage; answering comprehension questions in Hindi; finding synonyms and antonyms from the passage.

Sandhi (swar sandhi, vyanjan sandhi, visarg sandhi); Samas (all types with examples); Upsarg and Pratyay (prefixes and suffixes); Muhavare and Lokoktiyan (idioms and proverbs); Shabda Vichar (Tatsam–Tadbhav, paryayvachi); Vakya Shuddhi (sentence correction).

Patra lekhan (formal: complaint, application; informal); Nibandh lekhan (descriptive and argumentative essay); Anuched lekhan (paragraph on a given topic); Sandesh lekhan (message writing).

Gadya khand (prose): comprehension, character analysis, central theme; Kavya khand (poetry): central idea, poetic devices (upma, rupak, manavikarana), appreciation questions; Natak / Kahani excerpts and context-based questions.