NIOS Class X Syllabus 2027: Revised Syllabus Released, Subject Wise Topics and Deleted Topics

Natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational and irrational numbers; representation on number line; Euclid’s division algorithm; fundamental theorem of arithmetic; decimal expansions of rational and irrational numbers.

Polynomials — zeros, coefficients relationship; pair of linear equations in two variables — graphical and algebraic methods (substitution, elimination, cross-multiplication); quadratic equations — factorisation, completing the square, quadratic formula, nature of roots; arithmetic progressions — nth term and sum of n terms.

Similar triangles — criteria (AA, SSS, SAS) and properties; Pythagoras theorem and its converse; circles — tangent at a point, tangents from an external point; constructions — tangent to a circle, division of a line segment in a given ratio, similar triangle construction.

Distance formula; section formula and midpoint formula; area of a triangle using co-ordinates; collinearity of three points; applications to practical problems.

Trigonometric ratios of acute angles; standard angle values (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°); fundamental trigonometric identities; heights and distances — angle of elevation and angle of depression; practical application problems.

Area of circle, sector, and segment; surface area and volume of cube, cuboid, sphere, hemisphere, cylinder, cone, and frustum; combination of solids; conversion of one solid shape to another.

Mean, median, and mode for grouped data; cumulative frequency distribution and ogive; probability — classical definition; complement of an event; simple single-event probability problems with cards, dice, and bags.

Simple and compound interest; profit and loss; percentage and its applications; ratio and proportion; instalment buying (EMI); basics of GST; bills and invoices; unitary method and its applications.

Macronutrients and micronutrients — carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins (A, B, C, D), minerals; functions and dietary sources; balanced diet; deficiency diseases (scurvy, rickets, anaemia, beriberi); food adulteration — common adulterants and detection; food preservation methods — canning, drying, refrigeration, pasteurisation.

States of matter and interconversion; elements, compounds, mixtures; atomic structure — electrons, protons, neutrons; periodic table — groups and periods, trends; chemical bonding — ionic and covalent; acids, bases, salts — pH scale; types of chemical reactions; metals and non-metals — properties and reactivity series; carbon compounds — homologous series, functional groups, ethanol, ethanoic acid.

Cell — structure (plant and animal), organelles and their functions; tissues in plants and animals; life processes — nutrition (autotrophic, heterotrophic), respiration (aerobic and anaerobic), transportation (heart, blood, lymph, xylem, phloem), excretion (kidneys, skin, lungs); reproduction — asexual methods, sexual reproduction in flowering plants and humans; heredity — Mendel’s laws, chromosomes, sex determination; evolution — Darwin’s theory, natural selection, speciation.

Motion — scalar and vector quantities, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration; equations of motion; Newton’s three laws; gravitation — universal law, g, weight vs mass; work, energy, power; kinetic and potential energy; law of conservation of energy.

Light — reflection (laws, plane and curved mirrors), refraction (Snell’s law, glass slab, lens — concave and convex), dispersion, scattering (Tyndall effect, blue sky); human eye — structure, defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia), corrections; electricity — Ohm’s law, resistance (series and parallel), electric power, heating effects; magnetic effects — electromagnet, electric motor, electromagnetic induction, electric generator; sound — propagation, reflection, characteristics, human ear.

Conventional energy sources — coal, petroleum, natural gas (fossil fuels, depletion concerns); non-conventional sources — solar, wind, hydro, biogas, tidal; management of natural resources — forests, wildlife, water; water harvesting methods; sustainable development — meeting present needs without compromising future generations.

Ecosystem — biotic and abiotic components, food chains and food webs, energy flow, trophic levels; biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances; pollution — air (causes, effects, control), water (causes, diseases, control), soil (causes, effects); ozone layer depletion; greenhouse effect and global warming; environmental protection legislation basics.

Rise of nationalism in Europe; nationalist movements in India — Non-Cooperation Movement (1920), Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), Quit India Movement (1942); the Making of a Global World — trade, migration, and colonialism; Age of Industrialisation — proto-industrialisation and factory system; Print culture and modern society.

Resources and development — types of resources, land use, soil types and soil erosion; forest and wildlife resources — conservation; water resources — water scarcity, multipurpose dams, water harvesting; agriculture — cropping patterns, major crops, Green Revolution, sustainable agriculture; mineral and energy resources — distribution and conservation; manufacturing industries — industrial location, agro-based and mineral-based industries; lifelines of the national economy — roadways, railways, pipelines, waterways, airways, international trade.

Power sharing — Belgium and Sri Lanka case studies; federalism — Centre–State relations, decentralisation; democracy and diversity; gender, religion, and caste in Indian politics; political parties — functions, national and state parties; outcomes of democracy — accountability, responsiveness, equality; challenges to democracy; popular struggles and social movements.

Development — national income vs per capita income, human development index; sectors of the Indian economy — primary, secondary, tertiary; money and credit — formal and informal credit, self-help groups, banking system; globalisation and the Indian economy — MNCs, trade liberalisation, impact; consumer rights — Consumer Protection Act, consumer courts, consumer movements.

Types of disasters — natural (earthquake, flood, cyclone, drought, landslide) and man-made (fire, chemical spills, nuclear); disaster preparedness and mitigation; community and government roles; NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority) guidelines; mock drills; case studies — Bhuj earthquake (2001), Kedarnath floods (2013), Odisha cyclone.

Responsible digital citizenship; internet safety and privacy settings; identifying misinformation, fake news, and deepfakes; safe use of social media; basics of digital communication (email, video calls, messaging); e-governance services — DigiLocker, UMANG app, UIDAI/Aadhaar; cybersecurity — strong passwords, phishing awareness. New module added for 2027 cycle under NEP 2020 life-skills alignment.

Budgeting — income and expense planning; savings — savings accounts, fixed deposits, recurring deposits; insurance basics — life and health insurance; understanding inflation and its effect on savings; government welfare and financial inclusion schemes (Jan Dhan Yojana, PM Mudra Yojana); basics of financial planning for students and young adults. New module added for 2027 cycle under NEP 2020 life-skills alignment.

Two unseen passages — one factual (report, article) and one literary or discursive; reading for main idea and specific information; note-making and summarising; vocabulary in context (synonyms, antonyms, word meaning); short-answer and MCQ comprehension questions.

Formal letters — application, complaint, and request letters; informal/personal letters; paragraph writing on given hints; essay writing on social, environmental, or familiar topics; story writing from a given outline; notice and poster writing; message writing.

Tenses — simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous; subject-verb agreement; active and passive voice; direct and indirect (reported) speech; articles, determiners, and prepositions; transformation of sentences; editing exercises (identifying and correcting errors); omission exercises.

Prescribed NIOS English Reader — selected prose lessons and poems; comprehension questions on prescribed texts; questions on themes, central ideas, and character development; appreciation questions on poetic devices in prescribed poems.

Prescribed NIOS Hindi poems — themes, central ideas, and emotions; figures of speech (Alankar — Upama, Rupak, Utpreksha, Anupras); Ras (literary sentiments — Shringar, Veer, Karuna, Hasya); Chhand (poetic metre); appreciation and comprehension questions on prescribed poems.

Prescribed NIOS Hindi prose lessons (essays, stories, biographical pieces); comprehension questions on main ideas and paragraph meaning; questions on author’s purpose, tone, and language use; unseen Hindi passage for short-answer comprehension.

Sandhi and Sandhi Viched (word joining rules — Swar, Vyanjan, Visarga Sandhi); Samas and Samas Vigraha (compound words — Tatpurusha, Dwandwa, Bahuvrihi, Avyayibhav); Karak (cases — Karta, Karma, Karana, Sampradaan, Apadaan, Sambandh, Adhikaran, Sambodhan); Kaal (tenses — Bhoot, Vartaman, Bhavishy with subtypes); Vakya Bhed (simple, compound, complex sentences and transformations); Muhavare and Lokoktiyan (idioms and proverbs); Shodhana (sentence correction — grammar errors).

Patra Lekhan — formal (Sarkari/Aupcharik) and informal (Vyaktigat/Anaupcharik) letters; Nibandh Lekhan (essay on social, environmental, national, or general interest topics); Anuched Lekhan (paragraph writing on given hint/title); Samvad Lekhan (dialogue writing between two people); Sandesh Lekhan (message writing — SMS/written format).