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The tensile stress is the resistance of the object which forces tear it apart. It is calculated highest tension endured by highest tension ensured by the object without tearing. And it is measured in the Newtons/mm2. It is defined as the magnitude of the force applied with the elastic rod, which is divided into the cross-sectional area of the rod in a direction perpendicular to the applied force.
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Tensile Stress
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The tensile stress is a quantity related to the tensile forces. It is responsible for the elongation of the material with an axis of the applied load. The example of tensile stress is Connecting rods, elevator cable etc. Tensile stress is also called tension. This accelerates the corrosion process. leads to intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress-induced corrosion cracking of steel.
Elastic modulus: Ratio of the stress and strains when deformation is formed. The stress-strain curve is used to measure the elastic modulus.
Ultimate Tensile Stress- It shows the maximum amount of stress that material withstands when force applies.
Modulus of resilience: Ratio between tensile stress and two times the young’s modulus of the material.
Fracture stress: It shows the maximum amount of stress felt in crack points.
The stress force per unit area of the material:
Tensile Stress = Force / Cross-sectional Area
The tensile stress is also known as longitudinal stress. In this case, we saw a change in the length of the cylinder. For small deformation, stress is directly related to the strain of many materials. This shows in hooks laws, the three elastic modules that are young, shear modulus, and bulk modules used to describe the elastic behaviour of the object.
Let see the three elastics one by one:
Young’s modules - It contains two long straight wires of the same length and radius also is equally suspended by side by side from a fixed rigid support. The young modules of the materials of the experimental wire given by the
Y σ ε = 2. Mg L πr ΔL
= Mg × L/(πr2 × ΔL)
Shear Modulus - The ratio of the stress related to the shearing stress is called the shear modulus of the material and is represented by G. it is also called a modulus of the rigidity.
G= shearing stress (σs)/shearing strain
G = (F/A)/(Δx/L) = (F × L)/(A × Δx)
G = (F/A)/θ = F/(A × θ)
It expresses as a σs = G × θ
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The shear modulus common material is-
| MATERIAL | G(GPa) |
|---|---|
| Aluminium | 25 |
| Copper | 42 |
| Brass | 36 |
| Glass | 23 |
| Iron | 70 |
| lead | 5.6 |
| Nickel | 77 |
| Steel | 84 |
| tungsten | 150 |
| wood | 10 |
Bulk Modulus - The ratio of hydraulic stress to the corresponding hydraulic strain is called bulk modulus. It is denoted by symbol B. B = – p/(ΔV/V).
The Bulk modules common materials are-
| Material Solids | B (109 N m–2 or GPa) |
|---|---|
| Aluminium | 72 |
| Brass | 61 |
| Copper | 140 |
| Iron | 100 |
| Nickel | 260 |
| Steel | 160 |
| glass | 37 |
| Liquids | |
| Water | 2.2 |
| Ethanol | 0.9 |
| Carbon disulphide | 1.56 |
| Glycerine | 4.76 |
| Mercury | 25 |
| Gases | |
| Air | 1.0 × 10–4 |
Tensile Stress Unit
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| UNIT | Nm-2 |
| SI UNIT | Pascal |
| DIMENSIONAL FROMULA | ML-1T2 |
Different between tensile stress and tensile strength
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| Tensile stress | Tensile strength |
|---|---|
| The tensile stress is a resistance of an object to force that tear apart. It is a quantity related to the tensile forces | The tensile strength is an amount of the tensile stress material withstand before breaking and denoted by S. |
| The formula of the tensile stress is: σ = F/A | The formula of the tensile strength is: s = P/a. |
Things to Remember
- The tensile stress is a resistance of an object to force that tear apart.
- Tensile Stress is defined as Force / Cross-sectional Area.
- The formula of the tensile stress is: σ = F/A
- The unit of the tensile stress is: Nm-2.
- The SI Unit of tensile stress is: Pascal.
- Example of tensile stress: Connecting rods, elevator cable etc.
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Sample Questions
Ques. What are causes of the tensile stress? (1 mark)
Ans.: the main reason for tensile stress is pulling the materials, Residual cold work, Welding, Thermal treatment, Grinding.
Ques. Does length affect tensile stress? (1 mark)
Ans.: When longer specimen more than numerous the 30- inch segment and a large probability of generating low tensile strength value.
Ques. What is the difference between tensile stress and tensile strain? (1 mark)
Ans.: The main difference between both tensile stresses is the force exerted per unit cross-section area on the object. Tensile strain shows that per unit extension of the original length.
Ques. Where does tensile stress occur? (1 mark)
Ans.: Mostly tensile stress occurs on the side of the object in the direction of the force.
Ques. When the tensile stress is maximum? (1 mark)
Ans.: The applied load by the cross-sectional area is maximum tensile stress.
Ques. How do you calculate stress in a tensile test? (1 mark)
Ans.: The tensile stress force is measured by diving sample cross-sectional area (σ = F/A)
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