CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Marking Scheme and PDF Download

Electric charges and their conservation; Coulomb’s law; Superposition principle; Electric field and field lines; Electric flux; Gauss’s theorem and its applications; Electric dipole; Electric potential; Potential due to a point charge and a dipole; Equipotential surfaces; Electrical potential energy; Capacitors and capacitance; Combination of capacitors; Energy stored in a capacitor; Van de Graaff generator (concept).

Electric current; Drift velocity and mobility; Ohm’s law; Electrical resistance; V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear); Resistivity and conductivity; Temperature dependence of resistance; Electrical energy and power; Series and parallel resistors; EMF and internal resistance; Cells in series and parallel; Kirchhoff’s laws; Wheatstone bridge; Metre bridge; Potentiometer and its applications.

Biot-Savart law and applications; Ampere’s law; Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors; Torque on a current loop; Moving coil galvanometer — conversion to ammeter and voltmeter; Cyclotron; Bar magnet and its properties; Magnetic field lines; Magnetic susceptibility; Dia-, para-, and ferromagnetic substances; Hysteresis.

Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction; Lenz’s law; Eddy currents; Self and mutual induction; AC generator; RMS value of AC voltage and current; Reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit; Resonance; Power in AC circuits; LC oscillations; Step-up and step-down transformers.

Need for displacement current; Maxwell’s equations (qualitative treatment); Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics; Transverse nature of EM waves; Electromagnetic spectrum — radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, UV, X-rays, gamma rays; Uses of each type of EM wave.

Reflection; Spherical mirrors; Refraction at plane and spherical surfaces; Total internal reflection and optical fibre; Lenses; Lens maker’s equation; Magnification; Power of a lens; Microscope and telescope; Wavefront and Huygens’ principle; Young’s double slit experiment; Interference; Diffraction at a single slit; Resolving power; Polarisation; Brewster’s law; Polaroids.

Photoelectric effect; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; Work function; Threshold frequency; Stopping potential; Wave nature of particles; de Broglie hypothesis; Davisson-Germer experiment.

Alpha-particle scattering; Rutherford’s model; Bohr model and energy levels; Hydrogen spectrum; Atomic masses; Nuclear composition and size; Nuclear binding energy; Radioactivity; Alpha, beta, and gamma decay; Half-life; Nuclear reactions; Fission and fusion.

Energy bands in conductors, insulators, and semiconductors; Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; p-n junction diode; I-V characteristics; Diode as rectifier; Zener diode as voltage regulator; Solar cell; LED; Photodiode; Junction transistor; Transistor as amplifier and switch; Logic gates — OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR.

Types of solids; Crystal lattices and unit cells; Packing efficiency; Calculations involving unit cells; Imperfections in solids; Electrical and magnetic properties of solids.

Types of solutions; Expressing concentration (molality, molarity, mole fraction); Solubility; Vapour pressure; Raoult’s law; Ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties — relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure; Abnormal molar masses; Van’t Hoff factor.

Electrochemical cells; Galvanic cells; Electrode potential; Standard electrode potential; Nernst equation; Gibbs energy and EMF relationship; Conductance of electrolytic solutions; Kohlrausch’s law; Electrolysis; Primary and secondary batteries; Fuel cells; Corrosion.

Rate of a chemical reaction; Factors affecting rate; Order and molecularity; Integrated rate equations (zero order, first order); Half-life; Pseudo first-order reactions; Arrhenius equation; Activation energy; Collision theory (elementary ideas).

d-Block elements — electronic configuration, properties, oxidation states, colour; Preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄; Lanthanoids — electronic configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction; Actinoids — electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Introduction; IUPAC nomenclature; Bonding — Werner’s theory, valence bond theory, crystal field theory; Colour, magnetic properties, and shapes; Isomerism; Importance in biology, medicine, and industry.

Classification and nomenclature; Nature of C–X bond; Methods of preparation; Physical and chemical properties; Nucleophilic substitution reactions; Optical rotation and chirality; Polyhalogen compounds — uses and environmental effects.

Classification and nomenclature; Methods of preparation of alcohols and phenols; Physical and chemical properties; Lucas test; Esterification; Dehydration; Distinction between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; Preparation and properties of ethers; Uses.

Nomenclature; Nature of the carbonyl group; Methods of preparation; Nucleophilic addition reactions; Aldol condensation; Cannizzaro reaction; Carboxylic acids — preparation and reactions; Esterification; Decarboxylation; Relative reactivity of acid derivatives.

Classification and nomenclature; Structure and physical properties; Methods of preparation; Chemical properties; Basic character; Diazonium salts — preparation and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Carbohydrates — classification, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides; Proteins — amino acids, peptide bond, structure; Enzymes; Vitamins; Nucleic acids — DNA and RNA; Hormones (elementary idea).

Classification of polymers; Types of polymerization — addition and condensation; Copolymerization; Natural rubber and vulcanization; Biodegradable polymers; Polymers of commercial importance.

Types of relations; Types of functions; One-to-one and onto functions; Composite functions; Inverse of a function; Binary operations; Domain, range, and principal values of inverse trigonometric functions; Properties of inverse trigonometric functions.

Concept and types of matrices; Operations on matrices; Transpose; Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices; Elementary operations; Invertible matrices; Concept of determinant; Properties of determinants; Cofactors and adjoint; Inverse of a square matrix; Solution of system of linear equations by matrix method.

Continuity and differentiability; Derivatives of composite, implicit, and inverse trigonometric functions; Exponential and logarithmic differentiation; Second-order derivatives; Rolle’s theorem; Mean value theorem; Rate of change; Increasing and decreasing functions; Tangents and normals; Approximations; Maxima and minima; Integration as inverse of differentiation; Methods — substitution, partial fractions, by parts; Definite integrals and their properties; Fundamental theorem of calculus; Area under curves; Formation of differential equations; Methods of solving — variable separable, homogeneous, linear.

Vectors and scalars; Direction cosines and ratios; Types of vectors; Addition and scalar multiplication; Dot product and cross product; Scalar triple product; Equations of lines and planes in 3D; Angle between lines and planes; Shortest distance between skew lines; Distance of a point from a plane.

Introduction to LPP; Mathematical formulation; Feasible region; Graphical method; Bounded and unbounded regions; Optimal solution; Types — diet problem, manufacturing problem, transportation problem.

Conditional probability; Multiplication theorem; Independent events; Bayes’ theorem; Random variable and its probability distribution; Mean and variance; Bernoulli trials; Binomial distribution.

Flower structure; Pollination — types and mechanisms; Double fertilization; Post-fertilization events; Endosperm and embryo development; Apomixis and polyembryony; Male and female reproductive systems; Gametogenesis; Fertilization; Embryonic development; Parturition; Reproductive health; STDs; Contraceptive methods; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

Mendel’s laws; Inheritance of one and two genes; Chromosomal basis of inheritance; Sex determination; Linkage and recombination; Mutation; Polygenic inheritance; Chromosomal disorders; DNA structure (Watson-Crick model); DNA replication; Transcription; Genetic code; Translation; Regulation of gene expression — lac operon; Human genome project; DNA fingerprinting; Origin of life; Biological evolution; Lamarckism and Darwinism; Hardy-Weinberg principle; Adaptive radiation; Human evolution.

Common diseases — malaria, typhoid, dengue, pneumonia, AIDS, cancer; Immunity and vaccines; Drug and alcohol abuse; Plant breeding techniques; Biofortification; MOET; Tissue culture; Microbes in food processing; Sewage treatment; Biogas production; Biocontrol agents; Biofertilizers.

Recombinant DNA technology; Tools — restriction enzymes, vectors, PCR; Gel electrophoresis; Bioreactors; Downstream processing; BT crops; RNA interference; Gene therapy; Molecular diagnostics — ELISA; Transgenic organisms; Ethical issues in biotechnology.

Organisms and their environment; Population attributes; Population growth — logistic and exponential; Interspecific interactions; Ecosystem structure; Productivity; Decomposition; Energy flow; Nutrient cycling; Ecosystem services; Biodiversity patterns; Biodiversity loss; Conservation — in situ and ex situ; Hotspots; Biosphere reserves.