Which entrance exam is needed for B.Sc Agriculture at CSAUK?

Admission to B.Sc (Hons.) Agriculture at CSAUK Kanpur requires a valid UPCATET (UP Combined Agriculture and Technology Entrance Test) rank. UPCATET is conducted by Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology (NDUAT). Additionally, 15% of seats are filled through ICAR AIEEA UG rank.

What is the minimum marks required for UPCATET 2026?

The UPCATET qualifying cutoff is 20% aggregate marks for General and OBC candidates. SC and ST candidates need only 10% aggregate marks. However, the actual rank needed to secure a seat at CSAUK Kanpur depends on the competition each year.

What is the UPCATET application fee for CSAUK admission?

The UPCATET 2026 application fee is INR 1,250 for General and OBC category candidates. SC and ST category candidates pay INR 1,050. An additional INR 500 counselling fee is charged at the time of UPCATET online counselling registration.

Is there a management quota at CSAUK Kanpur?

No. CSAUK does not offer any management quota or direct admission pathway. All seats are filled exclusively through UPCATET rank-based counselling or ICAR AIEEA quota. Candidates must appear in one of these entrance exams.

What programmes does CSAUK Kanpur offer for UG admission?

CSAUK Kanpur offers the following UG programmes: B.Sc (Hons.) Agriculture (4 years), B.Tech in Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology (4 years), BFSc in Fisheries Science (4 years), and BVSc and AH in Veterinary Science (5 years). All are filled through UPCATET counselling.

What is the ICAR quota and how to apply for it at CSAUK?

ICAR reserves 15% of UG seats and 25% of PG seats at CSAUK Kanpur for ICAR AIEEA qualifiers. Candidates who qualify ICAR AIEEA (conducted by ICAR at icar.org.in) can participate in ICAR counselling separately from UPCATET. This gives national-level aspirants a second chance to secure a seat at CSAUK.

When does CSAUK PG counselling start in 2026?

CSAUK PG counselling registration is expected from July 27 to 30, 2026 (Tentative), with seat allotment on August 5, 2026, and reporting from August 7 to 10, 2026. These dates are based on the UPCATET 2026 schedule published at upcatetexam.org.

Can final-year UG students apply for CSAUK admission?

Yes. Students appearing in their final year qualifying examination are eligible to register for UPCATET 2026. Provisional admission may be granted. Candidates must submit their final marksheet to CSAUK at the time of reporting and must meet the minimum eligibility percentage.

How many universities participate in UPCATET besides CSAUK?

Five Uttar Pradesh agricultural universities admit students through UPCATET: CSAUK Kanpur, NDUAT Ayodhya, SVPUAT Meerut, BUAT Banda, and their constituent colleges. Candidates fill a common choice form and are allotted seats across all five universities based on UPCATET rank and preference.

CSA Kanpur Courses & Fees 2026

Q: What is the Total fees for B.Sc {Hons.} at CSA Kanpur?

The total fees for a B.Sc {Hons.} at CSA Kanpur range from INR 77,700 - 1.07 Lakhs for the entire course duration. The top specialization, B.Sc {Hons.} in Agriculture, has a total fee of INR 77,700. Other specializations, such as B.Sc {Hons.} in Home Science, Forestry, Community Science have total fees of INR 77,700, INR 1.07 Lakhs, INR 1.07 Lakhs, INR 1.07 Lakhs respectively.

Kanpur, Uttar PradeshState UniversityEstd 1975NAAC Grade B+

3.6

(79 Reviews)

Collegedunia Team

Content Curator | Updated on - Jul 20, 2026

CSA Kanpur Fees 2026 for various courses has not been released yet, however based on the 2025 fee structure, the fees starts from INR 51,250 (For M.Sc) to INR 1.78 Lakhs (For Ph.D) for the entire course duration. The top courses of CSA Kanpur are B.Sc {Hons.}, B.Tech, M.Sc, Ph.D. The fees for B.Sc {Hons.} at CSA Kanpur ranges from INR 77,700 - 1.07 Lakhs, While for the B.Tech the fees ranges from INR 89,250 - 1.64 Lakhs based on the specialization for the complete course cycle.

The total fees for other top courses like M.Sc and Ph.D ranges from INR 51,250 - 79,250 and INR 1 Lakh - 1.78 Lakhs depending upon the specialization.

CSA Kanpur Course and Fees Quick Overview

CSA Kanpur offers 46 courses in various streams like Agriculture, Engineering, Science.
The Total Fees (As last verified on 28-Jan-2026) at CSA Kanpur in 2025 ranges from INR 51,250 - 1.78 Lakhs for entire course duration.
Prominent courses at CSA Kanpur includes B.Sc {Hons.}, B.Tech, M.Sc, Ph.D. Top specializations offered in these courses includes B.Sc {Hons.}(Agriculture), B.Tech(Computer Science), M.Sc(Vegetable Science), Ph.D(Agricultural Economics & Statistics).
B.Sc {Hons.} (Agriculture) Fees at CSA Kanpur is around INR 77,700 for the full 4 years duration.
B.Tech (Computer Science) Fees at CSA Kanpur is around INR 89,250 in total.
M.Sc (Vegetable Science) Fees at CSA Kanpur is around INR 79,250 in total.

Go through the following article for detailed Fees structure for various courses offered at CSA Kanpur.

CSA Kanpur Courses and Fees

The below mentioned table shows various courses offered along with their latest fee structure. The most popular courses at CSA Kanpur is B.Sc {Hons.} having fees of INR 77,700 - 1.07 Lakhs, and B.Tech having fees of INR 89,250 - 1.64 Lakhs for complete course cycle.

Course	Total Fees (INR)
B.Sc {Hons.}	77,700 - 1.07 Lakhs
B.Tech	89,250 - 1.64 Lakhs
M.Sc	51,250 - 79,250
Ph.D	1 Lakh - 1.78 Lakhs
B.F.Sc	1.07 Lakhs
B.Sc	84,250 - 1.07 Lakhs

CSA Kanpur Fees Comparison (With Previous Year)

The below mentioned table shows the comparison of CSA Kanpur fees 2026 with previous year 2024. The average fees of CSA Kanpur in 2026 increased by INR 49,018 as compared to 2024.

Check the below table to know about the fees increase for various courses YoY.

Course	2026 Fees (INR)	2024 Fees (INR)	Fees Change	Fees Verdict
B.Sc {Hons.}	77,700 - 1.07 Lakhs	1.69 Lakhs - 1.69 Lakhs	76,225	decreased
B.Tech	89,250 - 1.64 Lakhs	1.38 Lakhs - 2.12 Lakhs	55,671	decreased
M.Sc	51,250 - 79,250	78,050 - 1.19 Lakhs	25,648	decreased
Ph.D	1 Lakh - 1.78 Lakhs	2.47 Lakhs - 2.95 Lakhs	85,476	decreased
B.F.Sc	1.07 Lakhs	1.69 Lakhs - 1.69 Lakhs	61,450	decreased
B.Sc	84,250 - 1.07 Lakhs	1.28 Lakhs - 1.69 Lakhs	53,675	decreased

Note: All the above mentioned data has been sourced from the official sources and may change as per the college. Students are advised to visit the official website to get the updated details.

CSA Kanpur B.Sc {Hons.} Fees

B.Sc {Hons.} at CSA Kanpur is the most popular 4 years UG program offered in 5 specializations, with seat intake of around 50 seats across all specializations. The Fees for B.Sc {Hons.} ranges from INR 77,700 - 1.07 Lakhs depending upon the specialization. The course eligibility required for admission in B.Sc {Hons.} is 10+2 with 50% + UPCATET.

To Know about the fees for various specialization of B.Sc {Hons.} at CSA Kanpur, Check the below mentioned table.

B.Sc {Hons.} Specializations	Total Fees (INR) - General
B.Sc {Hons.} Agriculture	77,700
B.Sc {Hons.} Home Science	1.07 Lakhs
B.Sc {Hons.} Forestry	1.07 Lakhs
B.Sc {Hons.} Community Science	1.07 Lakhs
B.Sc {Hons.} Horticulture	1.07 Lakhs

CSA Kanpur B.Sc {Hons.} fees for General Candidates

The General candidates applying for B.Sc {Hons.} at CSA Kanpur are required to pay INR 77,700 - 1.07 Lakhs. This cost includes the following components -

Tuition Fee: INR 77,700 - 92,000
Admission Fee: INR 3,000
Exam Fee: INR 3,000
Miscellaneous Fee: INR 750

Note: Some of the components mentioned above are to be paid one time only.

CSA Kanpur B.Sc {Hons.} Specializations Fees

CSA Kanpur offers B.Sc {Hons.} in 5 specializations like Agriculture, Home Science, Forestry. The top specializations offered in B.Sc {Hons.} are -

Agriculture
Home Science
Forestry
Community Science
Horticulture

The detailed fees for some of the top specializations are as follows -

B.Sc {Hons.} Agriculture Fees : The Total Fees for B.Sc {Hons.} Agriculture is INR 77,700.

B.Sc {Hons.} Home Science Fees : The Total Fees for B.Sc {Hons.} Home Science is INR 1.07 Lakhs.
- Tuition Fee : 92,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

B.Sc {Hons.} Forestry Fees : The Total Fees for B.Sc {Hons.} Forestry is INR 1.07 Lakhs.
- Tuition Fee : 92,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

B.Sc {Hons.} Community Science Fees : The Total Fees for B.Sc {Hons.} Community Science is INR 1.07 Lakhs.
- Tuition Fee : 92,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

B.Sc {Hons.} Horticulture Fees : The Total Fees for B.Sc {Hons.} Horticulture is INR 1.07 Lakhs.
- Tuition Fee : 92,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

CSA Kanpur B.Tech Fees

B.Tech at CSA Kanpur is 4 years UG program offered in 4 specializations, with seat intake of around 16 seats across all specializations. The Fees for B.Tech ranges from INR 89,250 - 1.64 Lakhs depending upon the specialization. The course eligibility required for admission in B.Tech is 10+2 with 50% + UPCATET.

To Know about the fees for various specialization of B.Tech at CSA Kanpur, Check the below mentioned table.

B.Tech Specializations	Total Fees (INR) - General
B.Tech Computer Science	89,250
B.Tech Dairy Technology	1.64 Lakhs
B.Tech Agricultural Engineering	1.64 Lakhs
B.Tech Mechanical Engineering	1.64 Lakhs

CSA Kanpur B.Tech fees for General Candidates

The General candidates applying for B.Tech at CSA Kanpur are required to pay INR 89,250 - 1.64 Lakhs. This cost includes the following components -

Tuition Fee: INR 75,000 - 1.5 Lakhs
Admission Fee: INR 2,000
Exam Fee: INR 4,000
Miscellaneous Fee: INR 750

Note: Some of the components mentioned above are to be paid one time only.

CSA Kanpur B.Tech Specializations Fees

CSA Kanpur offers B.Tech in 4 specializations like Computer Science, Dairy Technology, Agricultural Engineering. The top specializations offered in B.Tech are -

Computer Science
Dairy Technology
Agricultural Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

The detailed fees for some of the top specializations are as follows -

B.Tech Computer Science Fees : The Total Fees for B.Tech Computer Science is INR 89,250.
- Tuition Fee : 75,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 2,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 4,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

B.Tech Dairy Technology Fees : The Total Fees for B.Tech Dairy Technology is INR 1.64 Lakhs.
- Tuition Fee : 1.5 Lakhs (Total)
- Admission Fee : 2,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 4,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

B.Tech Agricultural Engineering Fees : The Total Fees for B.Tech Agricultural Engineering is INR 1.64 Lakhs.
- Tuition Fee : 1.5 Lakhs (Total)
- Admission Fee : 2,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 4,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

B.Tech Mechanical Engineering Fees : The Total Fees for B.Tech Mechanical Engineering is INR 1.64 Lakhs.
- Tuition Fee : 1.5 Lakhs (Total)
- Admission Fee : 2,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 4,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

CSA Kanpur M.Sc Fees

M.Sc at CSA Kanpur is 2 years PG program offered in 19 specializations, with seat intake of around 138 seats across all specializations. The Fees for M.Sc ranges from INR 51,250 - 79,250 depending upon the specialization. The course eligibility required for admission in M.Sc is Graduation + UPCATET/ICAR-AIEEA-PG.

To Know about the fees for various specialization of M.Sc at CSA Kanpur, Check the below mentioned table.

M.Sc Specializations	Total Fees (INR) - General
M.Sc Vegetable Science	79,250
M.Sc Agronomy	79,250
M.Sc Textile and Clothing	79,250
M.Sc Agril. Biochemistry	79,250
M.Sc Genetics And Plant Breeding	79,250

CSA Kanpur M.Sc fees for General Candidates

The General candidates applying for M.Sc at CSA Kanpur are required to pay INR 51,250 - 79,250. This cost includes the following components -

Tuition Fee: INR 28,000 - 56,000
Admission Fee: INR 4,000
Exam Fee: INR 3,000
Miscellaneous Fee: INR 750

Note: Some of the components mentioned above are to be paid one time only.

CSA Kanpur M.Sc Specializations Fees

CSA Kanpur offers M.Sc in 19 specializations like Vegetable Science, Agronomy, Textile and Clothing. The top specializations offered in M.Sc are -

Vegetable Science
Agronomy
Textile and Clothing
Agril. Biochemistry
Genetics And Plant Breeding

The detailed fees for some of the top specializations are as follows -

M.Sc Vegetable Science Fees : The Total Fees for M.Sc Vegetable Science is INR 79,250.
- Tuition Fee : 56,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 4,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

M.Sc Agronomy Fees : The Total Fees for M.Sc Agronomy is INR 79,250.
- Tuition Fee : 56,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 4,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

M.Sc Textile and Clothing Fees : The Total Fees for M.Sc Textile and Clothing is INR 79,250.
- Tuition Fee : 56,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 4,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

M.Sc Agril. Biochemistry Fees : The Total Fees for M.Sc Agril. Biochemistry is INR 79,250.
- Tuition Fee : 56,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 4,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

M.Sc Genetics And Plant Breeding Fees : The Total Fees for M.Sc Genetics And Plant Breeding is INR 79,250.
- Tuition Fee : 56,000 (Total)
- Admission Fee : 4,000 (One Time)
- Exam Fee : 3,000 (One Time)
- Miscellaneous Fee : 750 (One Time)

CSA Kanpur Fees For Other M.Sc Specializations

M.Sc Courses	Total Fees (INR)
Agricultural Economics & Statistics	51,250
Agricultural Extension	51,250
Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science	51,250
Entomology	79,250
Extension Education And Communication Management	79,250
Family Resource Management	79,250
Food Science And Nutrition	79,250
Human Development & Family Studies	79,250
Plant Pathology	79,250
Plant Physiology	79,250
Seed Science & Technology	79,250
Soil Conservation & Water Management	79,250
Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry	79,250

Note: All the above mentioned fees has been sourced from the official website and may change as per the latest notification released by the college. Students are advised to check the college official website to get the latest fees.

CSA Kanpur Fees for Other Courses

CSA Kanpur fee for other courses are mentioned below.

Course	Fees (INR)	Previous Year Fees (INR)
Ph.D	INR 1 Lakh - 1.78 Lakhs	INR 2.47 Lakhs - 2.95 Lakhs
B.F.Sc	INR 1.07 Lakhs	INR 1.69 Lakhs - 1.69 Lakhs
B.Sc	INR 84,250 - 1.07 Lakhs	INR 1.28 Lakhs - 1.69 Lakhs

CSA Kanpur Hostel & Mess Fees

CSA Kanpur offers Hostel to its students for their accommodation. The Fees of Hostel - INR 4,000 Annually for Both Male and Female students. Check CSA Kanpur Hostel Fees for detailed information.

CSA Kanpur Scholarship & Financial Aid

CSA Kanpur offers a variety of scholarships for meritorious students, helping reduce the overall cost of education and making fees more affordable. Students can avail these scholarships to manage their total course fees within a comfortable budget. The university, along with the government, provides multiple financial aid options. Some of the top government scholarships available for students are listed below:

NSP (PM-USP) Yojana
National Scholarship for Postgraduate Studies (UGC)

For detailed information check CSA Kanpur Scholarship 2026

CSA Kanpur Refund Policy

CSA Kanpur follows the refund guidelines issued by the University Grants Commission (UGC). The refund of fees depends on the timing of withdrawal and the university’s official admission schedule.

Generally, refunds are processed based on how early a student cancels their admission. A portion of the fee may be deducted as processing or administrative charges.

Important Points regarding CSA Kanpur refund policy

Refund eligibility depends on withdrawal date and university rules
A processing/administrative fee may be deducted
Refunds are usually processed within a few weeks after approval
Students must refer to the official CSA Kanpur refund policy for exact details

CSA Kanpur Courses and Fees FAQs

Ques. What is the Total fees for B.Sc {Hons.} at CSA Kanpur?

Ans. The total fees for a B.Sc {Hons.} at CSA Kanpur range from INR 77,700 - 1.07 Lakhs for the entire course duration. The top specialization, B.Sc {Hons.} in Agriculture, has a total fee of INR 77,700. Other specializations, such as B.Sc {Hons.} in Home Science, Forestry, Community Science have total fees of INR 77,700, INR 1.07 Lakhs, INR 1.07 Lakhs, INR 1.07 Lakhs respectively.

Ques. What is the fees for various specializations of B.Tech at CSA Kanpur?

Ans. The total fees for a B.Tech at CSA Kanpur range from INR 89,250 - 1.64 Lakhs for the entire course duration. The top specialization, B.Tech in Computer Science, has a total fee of INR 89,250. Other specializations, such as B.Tech in Dairy Technology, Agricultural, Mechanical have total fees of INR 89,250, INR 1.64 Lakhs, INR 1.64 Lakhs, INR 1.64 Lakhs respectively.

Ques. What is the fees for various specializations of M.Sc at CSA Kanpur?

Ans. The total fees for a M.Sc at CSA Kanpur range from INR 51,250 - 79,250 for the entire course duration. The top specialization, M.Sc in Vegetable Science, has a total fee of INR 79,250. Other specializations, such as M.Sc in Agronomy, Textile and Clothing, Agril. Biochemistry have total fees of INR 79,250, INR 79,250, INR 79,250, INR 79,250 respectively.

Ques. What is the fees for various specializations of Ph.D at CSA Kanpur?

Ans. The total fees for a Ph.D at CSA Kanpur range from INR 1 Lakh - 1.78 Lakhs for the entire course duration. The top specialization, Ph.D in Agricultural Economics & Statistics, has a total fee of INR 1 Lakh. Other specializations, such as Ph.D in Agricultural Extension, Agril. Biochemistry, Agronomy have total fees of INR 1 Lakh, INR 1.78 Lakhs, INR 1.78 Lakhs, INR 1.78 Lakhs respectively.

Ques. What is the Total fees for B.F.Sc at CSA Kanpur?

Ans. The total fees for a B.F.Sc at CSA Kanpur is INR 1.07 Lakhs for the entire course duration.

Ques. What is the refund policy for CSA Kanpur?

Ans. The refund policy for CSA Kanpur is as per the guidelines by the UGC. Students are advised to check the official website for details.

Ques. What is the hostel fees at CSA Kanpur?

Ans. The Annual Hostel fees at CSA Kanpur are as follows -

Male : INR 4,000
Female : INR 4,000

Courses Offered By CSA Kanpur 2026

Bachelor of Science [B.Sc] {Hons.}

₹77,700 - 1.07 LTotal Fees

4 years

(Full Time)3.9(12 reviews)

Offered atAffiliated Colleges

Application Date17 July - 29 Jul 2026

CoursesAgriculture & 4 more

686 Views(Last year)

Fees Structure

Bachelor of Technology [B.Tech]

₹89,250 - 1.64 LTotal Fees

4 years

(Full Time)2.3(15 reviews)

Offered atAffiliated Colleges

Application Date25 May - 23 Aug 2026

CoursesComputer Science & 3 more

391 Views(Last year)

Fees Structure

Master of Science [M.Sc]

₹51,250 - 79,250Total Fees

2 years

(Full Time)1.3(1 review)

Offered atAffiliated Colleges

Application Date29 Sept - 02 Oct 2026

CoursesTextile and Clothing & 18 more

13 Views(Last year)

Fees Structure

Ph.D

₹1 L - 1.78 LTotal Fees

3 years

(Full Time)

Offered atAffiliated Colleges

Application Date29 Sept - 02 Oct 2026

CoursesAgricultural Economics & Statistics & 15 more

Fees Structure

Bachelor of Fisheries Science [BFSc]

₹1.07 LTotal Fees

4 years

(Full Time)1.6(2 reviews)

Application Date17 July - 20 Aug 2026

Fees Structure

Do you think the fees are wrong ? Report Here

CSA Kanpur B.Sc {Hons.} Agriculture: Students' Opinion

B.Sc {Hons.} Agriculture

AI-Generated Summary based on 11 Reviews

Fees at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology for the Bachelor of Science [B.Sc] {Hons.} in Agriculture program include a semester fee of 25,900. At the time of admission, an additional 6,000 is payable, along with semester dues of 20,550 and hostel fees of 7,000. The total annual fee is 51,000 for general and SC/ST candidates, and 32,000 for OBC candidates.

Tuition fees are generally reported as 23,900 per semester. Scholarships are available from the Uttar Pradesh government and provide a minimum of 50% reduction in semester fees. ICAR students benefit from a scholarship that offsets their fees, and recipients of the CUET ICAR scholarship receive 3,000 per month. Mess charges apply based on consumption, costing approximately 40 per meal.

By Collegedunia’s Personal AI

Course Finder

Search from 20K+ Courses and 35+ Streams

Comments

No Comments To Show

SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWS LETTER

COLLEGE NOTIFICATIONS

EXAM NOTIFICATIONS

NEWS UPDATES

Download the Collegedunia app on

CSA Kanpur Courses & Fees 2026

CSA Kanpur Course and Fees Quick Overview

CSA Kanpur Courses and Fees

CSA Kanpur Fees Comparison (With Previous Year)

CSA Kanpur B.Sc {Hons.} Fees

CSA Kanpur B.Sc {Hons.} fees for General Candidates

CSA Kanpur B.Sc {Hons.} Specializations Fees

CSA Kanpur B.Tech Fees

CSA Kanpur B.Tech fees for General Candidates

CSA Kanpur B.Tech Specializations Fees

CSA Kanpur M.Sc Fees

CSA Kanpur M.Sc fees for General Candidates

CSA Kanpur M.Sc Specializations Fees

CSA Kanpur Fees For Other M.Sc Specializations

CSA Kanpur Fees for Other Courses

CSA Kanpur Hostel & Mess Fees

CSA Kanpur Scholarship & Financial Aid

CSA Kanpur Refund Policy

CSA Kanpur Courses and Fees FAQs

Courses Offered By CSA Kanpur 2026

CSA Kanpur B.Sc {Hons.} Agriculture: Students' Opinion

AI-Generated Summary based on 11 Reviews

Course Finder

Popular Streams:

Popular Courses:

Comments

Are You Interested in this College?

SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWS LETTER