ISC Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Stream-Wise Weightage and PDF Download

Essay writing on a given topic. Directed writing: article, short story, or speech. Report writing and notice writing are also tested. You choose one composition task from a set of options.

Sentence transformation: Active/Passive Voice, Direct/Indirect Speech, Degree of Comparison. Error correction in sentences. Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions, articles, and tense forms. Sentence combining. Vocabulary in context: choosing the correct word form.

Two unseen comprehension passages. Short-answer questions based on each passage. Summary writing: condense one passage to a specified word limit (typically 100-120 words). Vocabulary questions: word meanings, synonyms, and antonyms from context.

Electric charge and field intensity. Coulomb’s Law, superposition principle. Gauss’s Theorem and applications. Electric potential, potential difference, equipotential surfaces. Capacitors: parallel plate capacitor, series and parallel combinations, energy stored.

Ohm’s Law, resistivity, temperature dependence of resistance. Resistors in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s Laws. Wheatstone bridge, Meter Bridge, potentiometer. EMF and internal resistance. Electric energy and power.

Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law. Force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying conductor. Moving coil galvanometer; conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Bar magnet, Earth’s magnetism: declination, dip, horizontal component. Dia, para, and ferromagnetic materials. Hysteresis loop.

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction, Lenz’s Law. Self-inductance and mutual inductance. AC generator. Root mean square values of AC. Series LCR circuit, resonance, quality factor, power factor. Transformer: working, efficiency, energy losses.

Ray Optics: Refraction and reflection at spherical surfaces. Lens and mirror formulae. Power of a lens, equivalent lens combination. Total internal reflection, optical fibre. Prism, dispersion, scattering. Microscope and telescope.

Wave Optics: Huygens’ Principle. Interference: Young’s double slit experiment. Diffraction: single slit pattern. Polarisation: Malus’s Law, Brewster’s Law, polaroids.

Photoelectric effect: Hertz and Lenard observations, Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Work function, threshold frequency, stopping potential. De Broglie wavelength. Davisson-Germer experiment.

Rutherford’s alpha-scattering experiment and atomic model. Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, hydrogen spectral series. Nuclear composition, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon. Radioactivity: alpha, beta, gamma decay, half-life, decay law. Nuclear reactions: fission and fusion.

Energy band theory: conductors, semiconductors, insulators. p-n junction diode: forward and reverse bias, rectifier circuits. Zener diode, photodiode, LED, solar cell. Junction transistor (NPN and PNP): transistor action, characteristics, transistor as amplifier. Logic gates: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR.

Basic elements of a communication system: transmitter, channel, receiver. Bandwidth of signals and transmission media. Propagation of electromagnetic waves: ground wave, sky wave, space wave. Modulation: need, types — AM and FM basics. Satellite communication and internet (overview).

Types of solids: ionic, molecular, covalent, metallic. Crystal lattice, unit cell types. Packing efficiency, coordination number. Density of unit cell. Types of defects: point defects, Frenkel, Schottky. Electrical and magnetic properties of solids.

Types of solutions. Concentration terms: molarity, molality, mole fraction, mass percentage. Vapour pressure, Raoult’s Law. Colligative properties: relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point, osmotic pressure. Van’t Hoff factor for electrolytes.

Electrochemical and electrolytic cells. Standard electrode potential, EMF calculation, Nernst equation. Relationship between Gibbs energy and EMF. Electrolytic conductance: specific, molar, equivalent conductance. Kohlrausch’s Law. Electrolysis, Faraday’s Laws. Fuel cell, corrosion and its prevention.

Rate of reaction, rate law, order and molecularity. Integrated rate equations: zero order and first order. Half-life. Temperature dependence: Arrhenius equation, activation energy. Collision theory of chemical reactions.

Adsorption: types (physisorption, chemisorption), factors affecting adsorption, Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Catalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous. Colloids: types, preparation, properties. Tyndall effect, Brownian motion, coagulation, electrophoresis.

Group 15 (Nitrogen family): allotropes of phosphorus, oxoacids of N and P, preparation of HNO3. Group 16 (Oxygen family): allotropes of sulphur, oxoacids of sulphur, preparation of H2SO4. Group 17 (Halogens): trends, interhalogen compounds. Group 18 (Noble gases): XeF2, XeF4, XeOF2.

Transition elements: electronic configuration, variable oxidation states, colour, magnetic behaviour, catalytic activity. Important compounds: KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 — preparation, properties, uses. Lanthanoids and actinoids: general characteristics and comparison.

Werner’s theory, IUPAC nomenclature. Valence Bond Theory (VBT) and Crystal Field Theory (CFT) — basics. Colour, magnetic properties, stability. Isomerism in coordination compounds. Biological importance: haemoglobin, chlorophyll. Industrial applications.

Classification, nomenclature, physical properties. SN1 and SN2 reactions in haloalkanes. Haloarenes: substitution reactions, directing influence of halogen on benzene. Uses and environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds: DDT, freons.

Classification, nomenclature. Preparation and properties of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. Acidic nature of phenols. Alcohol reactions: esterification, oxidation, dehydration. Phenol reactions: Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Preparation and properties. Nucleophilic addition reactions. Named reactions: Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Cross-aldol condensation. Carboxylic acids: acidity, esterification, decarboxylation, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction.

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence. Types of functions: one-one, onto, bijection. Composition of functions. Inverse trigonometric functions: domain, range, principal values, properties, solution of equations.

Types of matrices, matrix operations (addition, multiplication, transpose). Determinants: properties, cofactors, minors. Adjoint and inverse of a matrix. Solving a system of linear equations using Cramer’s Rule and the matrix method. Consistency and inconsistency of equations.

Differential Calculus: Continuity and differentiability. Derivatives of composite, implicit, inverse, and parametric functions. Second-order derivatives. Rolle’s Theorem, Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem. Applications: tangent/normal, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima.

Integral Calculus: Integration by standard forms, substitution, by parts, and partial fractions. Definite integral: properties. Area under a curve and between two curves.

Differential Equations: Order and degree, formation. Variable separable, homogeneous, and linear first-order equations.

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem. Independent events, total probability. Bayes’ theorem. Random variables: discrete probability distribution, mean and variance. Binomial distribution: mean, variance, and applications.

Vectors: types, addition, scalar and vector products, scalar triple product. Lines in 3D: direction cosines and ratios, vector and Cartesian equations of a line. Planes in 3D: equation, angle between planes, distance of a point from a plane. Shortest distance between two skew lines.

Application of calculus in commerce and economics: cost, revenue, profit functions, marginal analysis. Linear regression: equation of regression lines, regression coefficients. Linear programming: mathematical formulation, graphical solution, maximisation and minimisation problems.

Modes of asexual and sexual reproduction. Flower structure. Pollination: types, agents, adaptations. Double fertilisation. Post-fertilisation changes: development of seed and fruit. Apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony.

Mendel’s Laws, chromosomal theory of inheritance. Linkage and recombination, sex determination. Mutation: chromosomal and gene mutations. Molecular basis of inheritance: DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation. Regulation of gene expression (lac operon). Human genetic disorders: Down’s syndrome, haemophilia, sickle-cell anaemia.

Ecosystem: structure, function, productivity. Energy flow through food chains and food webs, ecological pyramids. Nutrient cycling: carbon and nitrogen cycles. Ecological succession. Population interactions: mutualism, commensalism, predation, parasitism, competition.

Levels of biodiversity: genetic, species, ecosystem. Biodiversity hotspots. Threats: habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution. In situ and ex situ conservation. IUCN Red List categories. National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves in India.

Digestion and absorption: alimentary canal, digestive glands, enzymes, absorption in the small intestine. Breathing and gas exchange: respiratory organs, mechanism, transport of gases, respiratory disorders. Circulation: heart structure, cardiac cycle, blood pressure, ECG, blood groups, lymph. Excretion: nephron structure, urine formation, osmoregulation, dialysis. Neural coordination: neuron, nerve impulse, central and peripheral nervous systems, reflex arc. Chemical coordination: endocrine glands and their hormones, feedback mechanisms.

Male and female reproductive systems. Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis, oogenesis. Fertilisation and embryonic development up to implantation. Pregnancy, parturition, lactation. Reproductive health: STDs, contraception, assisted reproductive technologies (IVF, ZIFT, GIFT).

Principles: recombinant DNA technology — restriction enzymes, vectors, PCR, gel electrophoresis. Applications: GM crops (Bt cotton, golden rice), GM microbes (insulin production), gene therapy. Ethical issues, biosafety, biopiracy.

Origin of life: chemical evolution, Miller-Urey experiment, Oparin-Haldane theory. Evidence for evolution: fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular evidence. Theories: Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism. Hardy-Weinberg principle. Mechanisms: mutation, genetic drift, natural selection. Human evolution: Homo habilis to Homo sapiens.

Fundamentals of Partnership: Definition, features, types of partners, partnership deed. Fixed vs. fluctuating capital method. Appropriation Account: distribution of profits and losses, interest on capital, interest on drawings, salary or commission to partners. Guarantee of profits.

Goodwill: Nature of goodwill, factors affecting goodwill, need for valuation. Valuation methods: Average Profit Method, Super Profit Method, Capitalisation Method.

Reconstitution — Admission of a New Partner: New profit-sharing ratio, sacrificing ratio. Treatment of goodwill (hidden goodwill, existing goodwill). Revaluation of assets and liabilities (Revaluation Account). Adjustment of accumulated profits and losses (reserves). Capital adjustment to new ratio.

Reconstitution — Retirement and Death of Partner: Gaining ratio, treatment of goodwill, revaluation. Settlement of retiring partner’s dues. Executor’s Account on death. Calculation of share of profit to the date of death.

Dissolution of Partnership Firm: Types of dissolution. Realisation Account, settlement of accounts. Piecemeal distribution using proportional and maximum loss methods.

Issue of Shares: Types of share capital. Issue at par, premium, and discount. Under-subscription and over-subscription. Pro-rata allotment. Calls in arrears and calls in advance. Forfeiture and reissue of forfeited shares. Buyback of shares — basic concepts.

Issue of Debentures: Types of debentures. Issue at par, premium, and discount. Issue for consideration other than cash. Redemption: out of profits, out of capital, by purchase in open market, by conversion into shares.

Final Accounts of Companies: Statement of Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet as per Schedule III of the Companies Act. Adjustments: depreciation, provision for tax, proposed dividend, transfer to reserves.

Financial Statement Analysis (4 marks): Tools — Comparative Statements (Horizontal Analysis), Common-Size Statements (Vertical Analysis), Trend Analysis.

Cash Flow Statement (8 marks): As per AS-3 (Revised). Classification of activities: Operating, Investing, Financing. Preparation using Indirect Method. Adjustments for non-cash items (depreciation, deferred tax, working capital changes).

Ratio Analysis (8 marks): Liquidity ratios: Current Ratio, Quick Ratio. Solvency ratios: Debt-Equity Ratio, Total Assets to Debt Ratio, Proprietary Ratio. Profitability ratios: Gross Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio, Operating Ratio, Return on Investment. Activity ratios: Inventory Turnover, Debtors Turnover, Creditors Turnover, Working Capital Turnover.

Spreadsheet Applications (10 marks): Creating and formatting spreadsheets for accounting tasks. Functions: SUM, AVERAGE, IF, VLOOKUP, PMT. Creating charts (bar, pie, line) from accounting data. Pivot tables for financial summaries.

Database Management System (10 marks): Basics of DBMS: tables, fields, records. Creating and maintaining an accounting database. Queries: SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY. Generating reports: customer ledger, stock register, invoice reports.

Utility analysis: total utility, marginal utility, Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, consumer’s equilibrium (single and multiple commodities). Indifference curve analysis: properties, budget line, consumer equilibrium. Income and substitution effects. Law of Demand, determinants. Elasticity of demand: price, income, cross elasticity — calculation and significance.

Production function: total, average, marginal product. Returns to a factor, returns to scale. Cost concepts: fixed, variable, total, average, marginal cost. Revenue concepts: total, average, marginal revenue. Profit maximisation. Supply: law of supply, determinants, elasticity of supply.

Perfect competition: features, short-run and long-run equilibrium, shutdown point. Monopoly: features, price determination, price discrimination (types and conditions). Monopolistic competition: product differentiation, selling costs, equilibrium. Oligopoly: price rigidity, kinked demand curve. Collusive and non-collusive oligopoly.

Macroeconomic concepts: GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP — at market price and at factor cost. Circular flow of income (two-sector, three-sector, four-sector models). Methods of measuring national income: Product, Income, Expenditure. Real vs. nominal GDP. Green GDP concept.

Functions and types of money. Commercial banks: functions, credit creation (money multiplier). Reserve Bank of India: functions and instruments of monetary policy — CRR, SLR, Bank Rate, Repo Rate, Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations.

Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply. Consumption function: APC, MPC. Investment function: API, MPI. Investment multiplier: concept and calculation. Inflationary and deflationary gap. Measures to correct excess demand and deficient demand.

Government budget: components (revenue and capital receipts/expenditure), types (balanced, surplus, deficit). Fiscal policy: objectives, instruments. Balance of Payments: current account, capital account, BOP deficit — types, causes, measures. Foreign exchange market: determination of exchange rate (fixed and flexible). Managed float system.

Economic planning: objectives, Five-Year Plans (historical context), NITI Aayog. Poverty: concepts, causes, government measures. Unemployment: types, causes, government programmes. Infrastructure: energy, health, education. Economic reforms since 1991: liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation (LPG).