ISC Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Syllabus PDF Download and Topic-Wise Weightage

Formal and informal letter writing, Report writing (newspaper-style), Article writing, Speech writing, Debate writing, Notice writing — all based on a given stimulus or situation.

Vocabulary in context, Fill in the blanks with appropriate words, Error detection and correction, Sentence reordering, Transformation of sentences, One-word substitution, Idioms and phrases usage.

Electric Charges and Fields, Coulomb’s Law, Electric Potential and Capacitance, Capacitors in Series and Parallel, Dielectrics and Polarisation, Van de Graaff Generator.

Ohm’s Law, Resistivity, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Wheatstone Bridge, Potentiometer, EMF, Internal Resistance, Terminal Voltage of a Cell.

Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s Law, Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor, Torque on a Current Loop, Moving Coil Galvanometer, Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Hysteresis.

Faraday’s Laws, Lenz’s Law, Self and Mutual Inductance, Transformers, AC Generator, LCR Series Circuit, Resonance, Power in AC Circuits, Wattless Current.

Displacement Current, Electromagnetic Spectrum and uses: Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays.

Reflection and Refraction, Total Internal Reflection, Lens Formula, Lensmaker’s Equation, Optical Instruments (Microscope, Telescope). Wave Optics: Huygens’ Principle, Young’s Double Slit Experiment, Interference, Diffraction, Polarisation.

Photoelectric Effect, Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation, de Broglie Hypothesis, Davisson-Germer Experiment, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

Rutherford’s Model, Bohr’s Model, Energy Levels, Hydrogen Spectrum, Nuclear Composition and Size, Radioactivity, Alpha/Beta/Gamma Decay, Mass Defect, Binding Energy, Nuclear Fission, Nuclear Fusion.

Semiconductors (p-type, n-type), p-n Junction Diode, Half-wave and Full-wave Rectifier, Zener Diode, LED, Photodiode, Solar Cell, n-p-n and p-n-p Transistors, Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR.

Elements of a Communication System, Bandwidth of Signals, Modulation: Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM), Demodulation, Internet, Mobile Telephony.

Types of Solutions, Vapour Pressure, Raoult’s Law, Colligative Properties: Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure, Elevation of Boiling Point, Depression of Freezing Point, Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure. Van’t Hoff Factor.

Electrochemical Cells and Electrolytic Cells, EMF, Nernst Equation, Electrode Potential, Kohlrausch Law, Electrolytic Conduction, Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis, Corrosion and its Prevention.

Rate of Reaction, Order and Molecularity, Rate Law, Integrated Rate Equations for Zero Order and First Order Reactions, Half-Life, Arrhenius Equation, Activation Energy, Collision Theory of Reaction Rates.

Adsorption and Absorption, Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm, Catalysis (Homogeneous and Heterogeneous), Colloids, Emulsions, Tyndall Effect, Brownian Motion, Electrophoresis, Coagulation.

Group 15: Nitrogen, Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Oxides of Nitrogen, Phosphorus Compounds. Group 16: Oxygen, Ozone, Sulphur, Sulphuric Acid. Group 17: Halogens, Interhalogen Compounds, Oxoacids of Halogens. Group 18: Noble Gases and their uses.

Transition Elements: General Properties, Oxidation States, Colour. Potassium Permanganate, Potassium Dichromate — preparation and uses. Lanthanoids and Actinoids: Electronic Configuration, Properties, Lanthanoid Contraction.

Werner’s Theory, Ligands, IUPAC Nomenclature, Isomerism (Structural and Stereoisomerism), Valence Bond Theory, Crystal Field Theory (Octahedral and Tetrahedral), Stability Constants, Applications.

Classification, Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical and Chemical Properties. SN1 and SN2 Reaction Mechanisms, Elimination Reactions. Ozone-Depleting Substances, Environmental Impact.

Preparation and Properties of Alcohols. Mechanism of Dehydration. Reactions of Phenols: Bromination, Nitration, Sulfonation. Williamson Synthesis, Properties and Uses of Ethers.

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions, Aldol Condensation, Cannizzaro Reaction, Clemmensen Reduction, Wolf-Kishner Reduction. Carboxylic Acids: Acidity, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction, Fischer Esterification.

Amines: Classification, Preparation, Basicity, Diazonium Salts. Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins (primary to quaternary structure), Enzymes, Vitamins, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA). Polymers: Addition and Condensation. Chemistry in Everyday Life: Drugs, Dyes, Food Additives.

Types of Matrices, Matrix Operations (Addition, Multiplication), Transpose, Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices, Adjoint and Inverse. Determinants: Minors, Cofactors, Properties, Cramer’s Rule, Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations.

Continuity and Differentiability, Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Implicit Differentiation, Parametric Differentiation, Second Order Derivatives, Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem, L’Hopital’s Rule, Increasing and Decreasing Functions, Maxima and Minima (First and Second Derivative Tests).

Integration by Parts, by Partial Fractions, by Substitution. Definite Integrals and Properties, Area under a Curve, Area between two Curves. Differential Equations: Order and Degree, Variable Separable, Homogeneous Equations, Linear First Order Differential Equations.

Parabola: Standard form y2 = 4ax, Tangent and Normal. Ellipse: Standard form, Eccentricity, Tangent. Hyperbola: Standard form, Asymptotes, Rectangular Hyperbola, Tangent and Normal.

Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios, Equations of Lines and Planes in 3D, Angle between Lines and Planes, Distance from a Point to a Plane. Vectors: Dot Product, Cross Product, Scalar Triple Product, Coplanarity, Applications.

Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation of Grouped and Ungrouped Data. Bayes’ Theorem, Binomial Distribution, Poisson Distribution, Normal Distribution. Lines of Regression, Correlation Coefficient, Rank Correlation.

Modes of Reproduction: Vegetative, Asexual, Sexual. Flower Structure, Pollination (Self and Cross), Fertilisation, Double Fertilisation, Seed Development. Apomixis, Polyembryony, Parthenocarpy.

Mendel’s Laws, Chromosomal Theory, Linkage and Crossing Over, Mutation (Gene and Chromosomal). DNA Structure and Replication, Transcription, Translation, Gene Expression, Lac Operon. Evolution: Lamarckism, Darwinism, Natural Selection, Speciation, Hardy-Weinberg Principle.

Photosynthesis: Light Reactions (Z-scheme), Calvin Cycle (Dark Reactions), Photorespiration. Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, ATP Synthesis. Mineral Nutrition, Nitrogen Fixation, Plant Growth Regulators.

Digestion and Absorption: GI Tract, Enzymes. Respiration: Mechanism of Breathing, Lung Volumes, Exchange of Gases, Transport of Oxygen and CO2. Circulation: Heart Structure, Cardiac Cycle, Blood Groups, Clotting. Excretion: Nephron, Urine Formation, Haemodialysis. Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, Reflex Arc. Endocrine System: Hormones and functions. Reproductive System and Embryonic Development.

Biotechnology: Recombinant DNA Technology, PCR, ELISA, Transgenic Organisms, GMOs, Ethical Issues. Immunology: Innate and Acquired Immunity, Vaccines, Autoimmunity. Microbes in Human Welfare, Animal Husbandry, Integrated Pest Management.

Meaning and Features of Partnership, Partnership Deed and its Contents, Types of Partners. Fixed and Fluctuating Capital Accounts, Profit and Loss Appropriation Account, Interest on Capital and Drawings, Partner’s Salary, Commission and Bonus. Guarantee of Minimum Profit to a Partner.

Meaning, Need, and Types of Goodwill. Valuation Methods: Average Profit Method (Simple and Weighted), Super Profit Method, Capitalisation Method. Treatment of Goodwill on Admission, Retirement, and Death of a Partner.

Calculation of New Profit Sharing Ratio and Sacrificing Ratio. Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities: Revaluation Account. Treatment of Reserves, Accumulated Profits and Losses. Capital Adjustment on Admission. Preparation of Revised Balance Sheet after Admission.

Calculation of Gaining Ratio. Treatment of Goodwill and Revaluation on Retirement. Settlement of Retiring Partner’s Dues: Lump Sum and Instalments. Death of a Partner: Executor’s Account, Calculation of Share of Profit up to Date of Death (Time Basis and Turnover Basis).

Meaning, Modes, and Consequences of Dissolution. Realisation Account, Piecemeal Distribution. Insolvency of a Partner: Garner vs. Murray Rule (Capital Deficiency). Treatment when all Partners are Insolvent.

Types of Shares: Equity and Preference. Issue at Par, at Premium, and at Discount (historical context only). Application, Allotment, Calls. Over-subscription and Under-subscription, Pro-rata Allotment. Shares Issued for Consideration other than Cash.

Journal Entries for Forfeiture (issued at par, at premium, at discount). Reissue of Forfeited Shares at Par, at Premium, and at a Discount. Transfer to Capital Reserve. Forfeiture of shares originally issued at a premium — both cases (premium received and not received).

Types of Debentures. Issue at Par, at Premium, and at Discount. Debentures as Collateral Security. Discount on Issue of Debentures. Redemption Methods: Lump Sum (out of Capital or out of Profits), By Instalments (Draw of Lots), By Purchase from Open Market. Debenture Redemption Reserve (DRR), Sinking Fund Method.

Profit and Loss Statement and Balance Sheet — Revised Schedule III Format as per Companies Act 2013. Significance, Objectives, and Limitations of Financial Statements.

Comparative Financial Statements: Absolute Change and Percentage Change over two years. Common Size Financial Statements: Each item as a percentage of net revenue (P&L) or total assets (Balance Sheet). Trend Analysis: Identifying patterns across multiple years using index numbers.

Liquidity Ratios: Current Ratio, Quick Ratio (Acid Test). Solvency Ratios: Debt-Equity Ratio, Proprietary Ratio, Debt to Total Assets, Interest Coverage Ratio. Profitability Ratios: Gross Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio, Return on Capital Employed (ROCE), Return on Equity. Activity Ratios: Inventory Turnover, Debtors Turnover, Creditors Turnover, Working Capital Turnover. Significance and limitations of each ratio category.

Meaning, Objectives, and Classification of Cash Flows. Operating Activities: Direct and Indirect Method (ISC tests Indirect Method). Investing Activities: Purchase and Sale of Fixed Assets, Investments. Financing Activities: Issue and Redemption of Shares and Debentures, Dividends Paid. Preparation of Cash Flow Statement under AS 3 (Indian Accounting Standard on Cash Flow Statements). Significance and Limitations.

Central Problems of an Economy, Consumer Equilibrium: Utility Analysis and Indifference Curve Analysis. Demand: Law of Demand, Determinants, Market Demand. Elasticity of Demand: Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity, Cross Elasticity — measurement and applications.

Production Function, Law of Variable Proportions, Returns to Scale. Cost Concepts: Fixed, Variable, Total, Average, Marginal Costs. Revenue: AR, MR, TR — Relationship between MR, AR, and Price Elasticity.

Perfect Competition: Equilibrium of Firm and Industry, Supply and Elasticity of Supply. Monopoly: Equilibrium, Price Discrimination, Deadweight Loss. Monopolistic Competition: Features, Equilibrium. Oligopoly: Kinked Demand Curve, Price Leadership, Collusive Oligopoly.

Circular Flow of Income (Two-sector, Three-sector, Four-sector). Concepts: GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP (at Factor Cost and Market Price). Measurement: Value Added Method, Income Method, Expenditure Method. Real vs Nominal GDP, Green GNP.

Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Consumption Function and MPC, Savings Function, Investment Function and MEC. Multiplier: Concept, Working, Leakages. Full Employment vs Under-Employment Equilibrium, Deflationary Gap, Inflationary Gap, Remedial Measures.

Money: Functions, Supply of Money (M1, M2, M3), Credit Creation. RBI and Commercial Banks: Functions, Monetary Policy Instruments (CRR, SLR, Repo Rate, Open Market Operations). Government Budget: Revenue and Capital Budget, Fiscal Deficit, Revenue Deficit, Primary Deficit. Direct and Indirect Taxation.

Nature, Scope, and Objectives of Business. Forms of Business Organisation: Sole Trader, Partnership, Joint Hindu Family Business, Cooperative Societies, Joint Stock Companies (Public and Private). Multinational Corporations (MNCs).

Home Trade: Types of Retailers (Fixed and Itinerant), Chain Stores, Mail Order Business, E-Commerce and Online Retail. Foreign Trade: Import, Export, Entrepot. Export Procedures, Documents: Letter of Credit, Bill of Lading, Bill of Exchange, Certificate of Origin.

Transport: Road, Rail, Air, Sea — Merits and Limitations. Warehousing: Types (Public, Private, Bonded), Functions. Insurance: Life, Fire, Marine — Principles (Utmost Good Faith, Insurable Interest, Indemnity, Proximate Cause). Banking: Account Types, Loans, e-Banking, Digital Payments, UPI. Advertising: Merits, Demerits, Social Responsibility.

Origins of the Cold War, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, Containment Policy. Phases of the Cold War, Berlin Crisis, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War. Nuclear Arms Race, Detente, Disintegration of USSR, End of Cold War.

Decolonisation in Asia (India, China, Korea, Vietnam) and Africa (Ghana, Kenya, Algeria, South Africa). Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Origins, Role, Relevance. Formation and Structure of the United Nations, Specialised Agencies, Peacekeeping Role, Limitations.

Civil Rights Movement in the USA: MLK, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Civil Rights Act 1964. Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa: Nelson Mandela, ANC, Transition to Democracy 1994. Rise of Terrorism, 9/11 and Global Aftermath. Globalisation: Economic Integration, Impact on Developing Nations, WTO.

Principles of India’s Foreign Policy: Panchsheel, Non-Alignment, Peaceful Coexistence. India and Neighbours: Pakistan (Wars of 1965 and 1971, Simla Agreement), China (Border Dispute, 1962 War), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh. India and USA, India and USSR/Russia. India’s role in the UN, SAARC, and other international organisations.

Classes and Objects, Encapsulation, Inheritance (Single, Multilevel; Multiple via Interfaces), Polymorphism: Method Overloading and Overriding. Abstract Classes, Interfaces, Packages. Exception Handling: try-catch-finally, Custom Exceptions. File Handling in Java (BufferedReader, FileWriter).

Arrays: 1D and 2D, Sorting and Searching. Linked Lists: Singly Linked List (Insertion, Deletion, Traversal), Doubly Linked List. Stacks: Array and Linked List implementation, Applications (Infix to Postfix/Prefix Conversion, Balanced Parentheses). Queues: Simple, Circular, Priority Queue. Trees: Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree (Insertion, Deletion, Traversal: Inorder, Preorder, Postorder). Graph Traversals: Depth-First Search (DFS), Breadth-First Search (BFS).

Sorting: Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort, Quick Sort — working and time complexity. Searching: Linear Search, Binary Search. Recursion: Recursive algorithms, Tower of Hanoi, Fibonacci. Algorithm Complexity: Big O Notation — O(1), O(log n), O(n), O(n log n), O(n2).

Boolean Laws, De Morgan’s Theorem, Karnaugh Maps (2-variable and 3-variable). Flip-Flops: SR, JK, D. Memory Types: RAM, ROM, Cache. Storage Devices. Networking: LAN, WAN, MAN, Internet, TCP/IP Protocol, OSI Model, Network Topologies, Cybersecurity Basics.