ISC Syllabus 2027: 50+ Subjects, Subject-Wise Topics, Weightage and PDF Download

Essay writing (argumentative, descriptive, narrative, factual), article writing, speech writing, report writing, formal and informal letters, email writing, notice writing.

Unseen prose passage with comprehension questions, vocabulary in context, précis writing, note-making.

Tenses, active and passive voice, direct and indirect speech, sentence transformation, error correction, idioms and phrases, one-word substitutions, fill-in-the-blanks.

Electric charges, Coulomb’s law, electric field and field lines, electric flux, Gauss’s theorem, electric potential and potential energy, capacitors, dielectrics, energy stored in a capacitor, parallel plate capacitor.

Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, temperature dependence of resistance, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, potentiometer, EMF and internal resistance, cells in series and parallel.

Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s circuital law, solenoid, toroid, force on a current-carrying conductor, galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter. Bar magnet and its properties, Earth’s magnetic field, magnetic materials (diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic).

Faraday’s laws, Lenz’s law, self and mutual inductance, AC generator, peak and RMS values, LC circuit, LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, transformers.

Ray optics: reflection at spherical mirrors, refraction at a plane surface, total internal reflection, prisms, lenses, lens formula, power of a lens, optical instruments (microscope, telescope). Wave optics: Huygens’ principle, interference (Young’s double slit experiment), diffraction, polarisation by Brewster’s law.

Photoelectric effect, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, work function, stopping potential. de Broglie wavelength, Davisson-Germer experiment, wave-particle duality.

Rutherford’s nuclear model, Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, hydrogen spectrum. Nuclear structure (mass number, atomic number), isotopes. Radioactivity: alpha, beta, gamma decay, half-life, radioactive decay law. Binding energy, mass defect, nuclear fission and fusion, Q-value.

Energy bands, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction diode, half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, Zener diode as voltage regulator, transistor (n-p-n and p-n-p), transistor as amplifier and switch, logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR), Boolean algebra basics.

Crystal lattice, unit cells (cubic types), packing efficiency, voids, calculation of density of unit cell, imperfections in solids (point defects), electrical and magnetic properties of solids.

Types of solutions, expression of concentration, solubility of gases in liquids (Henry’s law). Colligative properties: relative lowering of vapour pressure (Raoult’s law), elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, abnormal molar masses, van’t Hoff factor.

Electrolytic and metallic conduction, Kohlrausch’s law, EMF of galvanic cells, standard electrode potentials, Nernst equation, relationship between Gibbs energy and EMF, electrolysis and Faraday’s laws, batteries (primary and secondary), fuel cells, corrosion.

Rate of reaction, factors affecting rate, rate law, order and molecularity of reaction, integrated rate equations (zero and first order), half-life, Arrhenius equation, activation energy, collision theory.

Group 15 (N, P, As): allotropes of phosphorus, oxoacids, nitrogen cycle. Group 16 (O, S): allotropes of sulphur, oxoacids of sulphur. Group 17 (halogens): properties, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids. Group 18 (noble gases): properties and uses.

General properties of transition metals, variable oxidation states, coloured compounds, magnetic properties, catalytic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Lanthanides: electronic configuration, lanthanide contraction. Actinides: electronic configuration, uses.

Werner’s theory, IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereoisomerism), valence bond theory, crystal field theory, colour in coordination compounds, magnetic properties, stability constants, importance and applications.

Classification, nomenclature, preparation methods, physical and chemical properties, SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, stereochemistry (retention and inversion), Grignard reagents, environmental effects of halogenated compounds (DDT, Freons).

Classification and nomenclature of alcohols, preparation (from alkenes, Grignard, reduction of aldehydes), reactions (esterification, dehydration, oxidation). Phenol: acidic character, reactions (electrophilic substitution). Ethers: preparation from Williamson synthesis, reactions.

Nomenclature, preparation of aldehydes and ketones, nucleophilic addition reactions, Cannizzaro reaction, Aldol condensation, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reduction. Carboxylic acids: preparation, reactions (esterification, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction), acidity.

Amines: classification, preparation, reactions (Hinsberg test, diazonium salt formation). Diazonium salts: reactions and synthetic importance (coupling, Sandmeyer). Cyanides and isocyanides. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), vitamins, hormones.

Carbohydrates: classification (mono, di, polysaccharides), glucose structure, anomers. Proteins: structure levels (primary to quaternary), denaturation. Nucleic acids: DNA double helix, base pairing. Polymers: classification, addition and condensation polymerisation, copolymers, rubber, commercial polymers.

Complex numbers: modulus, argument, polar form, De Moivre’s theorem, cube roots of unity. Matrices: types, operations, elementary row transformations, inverse by adjoint method. Determinants: properties, cofactors, solutions of linear equations using Cramer’s rule. Boolean algebra. Probability: conditional probability, multiplication theorem, Bayes’ theorem, random variables, probability distributions, binomial and Poisson distributions.

Limits and continuity, differentiability, chain rule, implicit differentiation, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, logarithmic differentiation. Applications: increasing and decreasing functions, tangents and normals, maxima and minima (first and second derivative tests), Rolle’s theorem, mean value theorem. Integration: standard formulae, substitution, integration by parts, partial fractions, integration of rational functions. Definite integrals: properties, area under curves. Differential equations: order and degree, variable separable, homogeneous, linear first-order (integrating factor), applications.

Equation of a line in different forms, angle between two lines, distance from a point to a line, family of lines. Circle: standard and general equation, position of a point with respect to a circle, tangent and normal. Conics: standard equations of parabola (y² = 4ax), ellipse, hyperbola; tangents, normals, and their equations.

Vector operations: addition, scalar multiplication, dot and cross products, scalar triple product. Direction cosines and ratios, equation of a line in vector and Cartesian form, angle between lines, shortest distance between two lines. Equation of a plane, angle between planes, distance from a point to a plane. Linear programming: feasible region, maximisation and minimisation.

Asexual reproduction: vegetative propagation, micropropagation. Sexual reproduction: flower structure, microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, pollination (types and agents), double fertilisation, post-fertilisation development, seed structure, fruit types, apomixis, polyembryony.

Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal theory, linkage and crossing over, mutation, chromosomal aberrations (deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations), polyploidy in plants. Plant breeding: hybridisation, mutation breeding, biofortification.

Plant diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses (with examples). Biofortification concepts. Single cell proteins. Tissue culture: concept, somatic hybridisation, somaclonal variation.

Modes of reproduction. Human reproductive system (male and female). Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis). Fertilisation, implantation, embryonic development (cleavage to organogenesis), pregnancy, parturition, lactation. Reproductive health, birth control methods, infertility and ART (IVF, ZIFT).

Molecular basis of inheritance: DNA structure, semiconservative replication, transcription (prokaryotes and eukaryotes), genetic code, translation, gene regulation (lac operon). Human genetic disorders (chromosomal and Mendelian). Evolution: Origin of life, Darwin’s theory, Hardy-Weinberg principle, speciation, adaptive radiation, human evolution.

Human health and disease: types of diseases, pathogens (bacterial, viral, protozoan), AIDS, cancer. Immunity: innate and acquired, vaccines. Drugs and alcohol abuse. Biotechnology: principles, tools, recombinant DNA technology, PCR, applications in medicine and agriculture, transgenic organisms, ethical issues, biosafety.

Organisms and environment: habitat and niche. Populations: attributes, growth models (logistic and exponential), interactions (predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism). Ecosystem: components, food chains and webs, energy flow, nutrient cycling (carbon, phosphorus). Biodiversity: types, patterns, importance, threats, conservation (in situ and ex situ). Environmental issues: pollution (air, water, soil), global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation.

Concept and characteristics of business, classification of business activities (industry, trade, commerce), objectives of business (profit vs. non-profit), role of profit in a market economy, business risks and their causes.

Sole proprietorship, partnership (types, partnership deed, registration, dissolution), Hindu Undivided Family business, cooperative societies, joint stock company (private and public limited), one person company. Choice of form of organisation — suitability and factors.

Public sector enterprises: departmental undertakings, statutory corporations, government companies. Changing roles of public sector. Private sector expansion. Multinational corporations (MNCs): features, advantages and disadvantages. Joint ventures and strategic alliances.

Banking (types, functions, services), insurance (principles — utmost good faith, insurable interest, indemnity, subrogation, contribution; types of insurance). Transport modes. Warehousing. E-business: types (B2B, B2C, C2C), benefits, limitations, security concerns. Outsourcing (BPO, KPO). Digital payments and online banking.

Concept and need for social responsibility. Arguments for and against social responsibility. CSR under the Companies Act 2013 (Section 135). Business ethics: meaning and elements. Environmental responsibility and sustainable development.

Concept, characteristics, and importance of management. Management as science, art, and profession. Management functions (POLSDC). Levels of management and their functions. Management roles (Mintzberg). Coordination as the essence of management.

Fayol’s 14 principles of management. Taylor’s principles of scientific management. Techniques of scientific management: work study (method, motion, time, fatigue study), standardisation and simplification, differential piece wage system. Comparison of Fayol and Taylor.

Concept, importance, and limitations of planning. Planning process. Types of plans: objectives, policies, procedures, rules, programmes, budgets, strategies. Single-use plans vs. standing plans. MBO (Management by Objectives).

Concept, importance, and process of organising. Formal and informal organisation. Organisational structures: functional, divisional, committee. Delegation: elements (authority, responsibility, accountability), importance. Decentralisation vs. centralisation: concepts, merits and demerits.

Concept, importance, and staffing process. Recruitment: meaning, sources (internal and external), merits and demerits of each. Selection process: preliminary screening, tests, interviews, reference checks, appointment letter. Training and development: need, on-the-job vs. off-the-job methods. Performance appraisal.

Concept, importance, and elements of directing. Supervision: functions of a supervisor. Motivation: Maslow’s hierarchy, financial and non-financial incentives. Leadership: concept, styles (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire), qualities of a good leader. Communication: process, types (formal and informal), barriers, measures to overcome barriers.

Concept, importance, and relationship of controlling with planning. Controlling process: setting standards, measuring performance, comparing with standards, taking corrective action. Limitations of controlling. Techniques: budgetary control, break-even analysis, PERT and CPM, management audit, ratio analysis.

Concept, role, and objectives of financial management. Financial decisions: investment decisions (capital budgeting, NPV, IRR), financing decisions (capital structure, leverage, trading on equity), dividend decisions. Factors affecting fixed capital and working capital requirements. Sources of finance: short-term and long-term.

Concept and types of financial markets. Money market: instruments (Treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, call money). Capital market: primary market (methods of flotation) and secondary market (stock exchange). NSE and BSE: functions. SEBI: objectives, powers, and functions. Depository services and dematerialisation.

Marketing concept and functions. Marketing mix (4Ps). Product: classification, product life cycle, branding, packaging, labelling. Price: pricing methods and factors affecting pricing decisions. Place (distribution): channels of distribution, factors affecting choice, services of middlemen. Promotion: advertising (merits, demerits, objections), personal selling, sales promotion, public relations.

Importance of consumer protection. Consumer Protection Act 2019: consumer rights (right to safety, information, choice, redressal, education, representation), consumer responsibilities, prohibited unfair trade practices. Redressal machinery: District Commission, State Commission, National Commission — jurisdiction and appeals. Consumer awareness programmes (COPRA, BIS, ISI, AGMARK).

Nature of partnership, partnership deed. Fixed and fluctuating capital accounts. Preparation of profit and loss appropriation account. Goodwill: nature, factors, methods of valuation (average profit, super profit, capitalisation). Admission of a partner: new profit sharing ratio, goodwill adjustment, revaluation of assets and liabilities, capital adjustments. Retirement and death of a partner. Dissolution of partnership firm.

Issue of shares: at par, at premium, at discount (special cases). Forfeiture and reissue of forfeited shares. Issue of debentures: types, interest on debentures. Redemption of debentures: methods (out of profits, out of capital, purchase in open market, conversion). Financial statements of a company: Statement of Profit and Loss, Balance Sheet as per Schedule III of Companies Act 2013.

Tools of financial analysis: comparative financial statements, common-size financial statements, trend analysis. Ratio analysis: liquidity ratios (current ratio, quick ratio), solvency ratios (debt-equity, proprietary), activity/turnover ratios (inventory, debtors, creditors), profitability ratios (gross profit, net profit, return on investment). Cash flow statement: direct and indirect method (as per AS-3).

Central economic problems, PPC, opportunity cost. Utility analysis (cardinal): total and marginal utility, law of diminishing marginal utility, consumer equilibrium. Indifference curve analysis: properties, budget line, consumer equilibrium (ordinal approach). Demand: law of demand, factors affecting demand, market demand, elasticity of demand (price, income, cross) — measurement and determinants.

Production function, law of variable proportions (returns to a factor), returns to scale. Costs: explicit and implicit, fixed and variable, total, average and marginal costs (short run and long run). Revenue: total, average, marginal revenue. Supply: law of supply, elasticity of supply. Market equilibrium: price determination, shifts in demand and supply.

Perfect competition: characteristics, price determination, short-run and long-run equilibrium of a firm. Monopoly: characteristics, price and output decisions, price discrimination. Monopolistic competition: features, product differentiation, short and long run equilibrium. Oligopoly: features, kinked demand curve. Factor pricing: rent (Ricardian theory), wages (marginal productivity theory), interest, profit theories.

National income concepts: GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP (at market price and factor cost), personal income, disposable income. Circular flow of income (two, three, four sector models). Methods of measuring national income: value added, income, and expenditure methods. Limitations of GDP as a welfare measure.

Money: functions, supply (M1, M2, M3). Commercial banks: functions, credit creation. Central bank (RBI): functions, monetary policy instruments (CRR, SLR, repo rate, reverse repo, open market operations). Government budget: components (revenue and capital receipts/expenditure), types of deficits (revenue, fiscal, primary), fiscal policy and its role.

Aggregate demand (components and determinants), aggregate supply. Keynesian cross model: equilibrium output determination, investment multiplier, paradox of thrift. Inflationary and deflationary gap. Balance of payments: current account, capital account, official reserve transactions, causes of disequilibrium, corrective measures. Foreign exchange rate: fixed vs. flexible, PPP theory.