AIBE Syllabus 2027: 19 Law Subjects, 100 MCQs, Subject Wise Topics and PDF Download

Preamble and its legal significance; Basic Structure Doctrine (Kesavananda Bharati case); Amendment power under Article 368; Limitations on constitutional amendment; Doctrine of constitutional morality.

Right to Equality (Articles 14–18); Right to Freedom (Article 19); Protection against conviction for offences (Article 20); Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21); Right to Education (Article 21A); Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24); Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28); Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30); Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32); Five writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto.

Articles 36–51: Socialistic, Gandhian, and Liberal DPSPs; Relationship between Fundamental Rights and DPSP (Articles 31C, 39B, 39C); Fundamental Duties under Article 51A.

President and Governor: powers, tenure, impeachment; Parliament: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha composition, powers, sessions; Council of Ministers; Prime Minister and Chief Minister; Attorney General; Supreme Court and High Courts: jurisdiction and powers.

Distribution of legislative powers (Union List, State List, Concurrent List); Articles 245–263; Centre-State administrative and financial relations; Inter-state water disputes; Inter-state councils.

National Emergency (Article 352): grounds, proclamation, effects; President’s Rule (Article 356): conditions, judicial review (S.R. Bommai case); Financial Emergency (Article 360); Effect of emergencies on Fundamental Rights; 44th Amendment Act safeguards.

Definitions; Actus reus and mens rea; General Exceptions: insanity, intoxication, consent, private defence, necessity; Abetment; Criminal Conspiracy; Common intention vs. common object; Abetment by instigation, conspiracy, and intentional aid.

Sedition-equivalent provisions; Waging war against the Government of India; Unlawful assembly; Rioting; Affray; Public nuisance; Contempt of lawful authority of public servants.

Culpable Homicide vs. Murder: the knowledge-vs.-intention distinction; Grievous hurt; Simple hurt; Assault; Criminal force; Wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement; Rape and aggravated sexual assault; Kidnapping and abduction.

Theft; Extortion; Robbery and Dacoity; Criminal misappropriation; Criminal breach of trust; Receiving stolen property; Cheating; Mischief; Criminal trespass; Forgery; Counterfeiting; Attempt to commit offences.

Constitution and classes of criminal courts; Powers of Magistrates (First Class, Second Class); Sessions Court; Territorial jurisdiction; Cognizable vs. non-cognizable offences; Bailable vs. non-bailable offences; Schedule I classification.

First Information Report (FIR): registration, zero FIR; Arrest with and without warrant; Rights of arrested persons: legal aid, bail, medical examination; Remand: police custody and judicial custody; Search and seizure; Chargesheet timeline requirements; Anticipatory bail.

Sessions trial; Warrant trial (complaint and police report cases); Summons trial; Summary trial; Framing of charges; Plea bargaining (Chapter XXI); Acquittal on discharge; Power to proceed against accused not named in FIR.

Facts in issue; Relevant facts; Res gestae; Admission; Confession: judicial vs. extra-judicial, retracted confession; Dying declaration; Statements by persons who cannot be called as witnesses; Electronic and digital records as evidence; Opinion evidence and expert testimony; Character evidence.

Primary vs. secondary evidence; Exclusion of oral by documentary evidence; Public and private documents; Certified copies; Examination of witnesses: examination-in-chief, cross-examination, re-examination; Hostile witness; Impeaching credibility; Privileged communications.

Burden of proof and onus of proof distinction; Standard of proof in civil and criminal cases; Conclusive and rebuttable presumptions; Presumptions as to documents, legitimacy, marriage, and electronic records; Estoppel by record, deed, and conduct; Accomplice corroboration rule.

Pecuniary, territorial, and subject-matter jurisdiction; Inherent powers of court (Section 151); Place of suing (Sections 15–20); Res judicata (Section 11) and its conditions; Res sub judice (Section 10); Foreign judgments (Section 13); Doctrine of merger.

Joinder of parties and causes of action (Orders I, II); Plaint (Order VII — return and rejection); Written Statement (Order VIII — specific denial, counter-claim); Amendment of pleadings (Order VI Rule 17); Misjoinder and non-joinder; Representative suits (Order I Rule 8).

Service of summons (Order V); Modes of service; Substituted service; Appearance of parties and consequences of non-appearance; Ex-parte decree (Order IX); Application to set aside ex-parte decree; Dismissal for default and restoration.

Framing of issues (Order XIV); Summoning and examination of witnesses (Orders XVI, XVIII); Affidavits (Order XIX); Discovery and inspection (Orders XI, XIII); Judgment (Order XX) and types of decrees; Costs (Sections 35, 35A, 35B).

Court competent to execute decree (Sections 36–38); Mode of execution; Arrest and detention in civil prison; Attachment of property; Sale of attached property; Order XXI provisions; Questions arising in execution; Transferee court’s powers.

Temporary injunction (Order XXXIX Rules 1, 2): three conditions — prima facie case, irreparable injury, balance of convenience; Appointment of receiver (Order XL); Injunction to restrain repetition of breach (Order XXXIX Rule 2A).

First appeal (Sections 96–99A); Second appeal (Sections 100–103): substantial question of law; Letters Patent appeal; Revision (Section 115); Review (Section 114): grounds; Reference (Section 113): when made; Stay of execution pending appeal.

Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: Conditions for valid Hindu marriage; Void marriages (Section 11); Voidable marriages (Section 12); Restitution of conjugal rights; Judicial separation; Divorce (Section 13) — grounds; Divorce by mutual consent (Section 13B); Maintenance pendente lite and permanent alimony; Custody of children.

Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (as amended 2005): Intestate succession; Class I heirs (Schedule); Class II heirs; Coparcenary and Mitakshara school; Daughter as coparcener (2005 amendment); Stridhana; Succession to a Hindu female’s property.

Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956: Capacity to adopt and to give in adoption; Effects of adoption; Maintenance of wife, widowed daughter-in-law, children, and aged parents.

Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956: Natural guardian; Testamentary guardian; Welfare of the minor as the paramount consideration.

Marriage (Nikah): Essentials of a valid Nikah; Void marriages; Irregular marriages; Muta marriage under Shia law.

Divorce: Talaq forms — Ahasan, Hasan, Biddat (now criminalised under Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019); Khula (wife-initiated); Mubarat (mutual consent); Judicial divorce under Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939; Shah Bano case and its legislative aftermath.

Maintenance and Dower (Mehr): Prompt and deferred dower; Maintenance during marriage, iddat, and beyond; Section 125 BNSS applicability to Muslim women; Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986.

Succession: Sunni and Shia rules; Quranic heirs (sharers); Residuaries (asabat); Doctrine of Aul (increase) and Radd (return); Disqualifications from inheritance.

Offer and acceptance; Consideration: adequacy and past consideration; Capacity to contract; Free consent — coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, mistake; Void and voidable contracts; Quasi-contracts (Sections 68–72); Discharge of contract: performance, impossibility, breach; Remedies for breach; Indemnity and guarantee; Bailment and pledge; Law of agency: creation, authority, termination.

When specific performance may be ordered; Discretion of the court; Contracts not specifically enforceable; Personal bars to relief; Substituted performance (2018 amendment); Rectification of instruments; Cancellation of instruments; Declaratory decrees; Preventive relief (injunctions): temporary and perpetual.

What may be transferred; Conditions restraining transfer; Rule against perpetuity; Lis pendens; Fraudulent transfer; Doctrine of part performance (Section 53A); Types of transfer: Sale, Mortgage (simple, usufructuary, English, equitable), Lease, Exchange, Gift; Actionable claims; Rights of mortgagor and mortgagee.

Promissory note, Bill of exchange, Cheque: definitions and distinctions; Holder and Holder in Due Course; Negotiation by endorsement and delivery; Presentment for acceptance and payment; Dishonour and notice of dishonour; Discharge of instruments; Cheque bouncing (Section 138): notice period, presumption, punishment; Defences available; Lok Adalat settlement in cheque dishonour cases.

Delegated legislation and its control; Doctrine of Ultra Vires; Natural Justice: audi alteram partem, nemo judex in causa sua; Judicial review of administrative action; Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013; Promissory estoppel against the government; Doctrine of legitimate expectation.

Industrial Disputes Act, 1947: strikes, lockouts, layoffs, retrenchment, unfair labour practice; Trade Unions Act, 1926; Factories Act, 1948: health, safety, working hours; Minimum Wages Act, 1948; Payment of Wages Act, 1936; Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923; Maternity Benefit Act, 1961; POSH Act, 2013; New Labour Codes framework.

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (as amended 2015 and 2019): arbitration agreement, appointment of arbitrators, interim measures, conduct of proceedings, award, grounds to set aside (Section 34), enforcement; Foreign arbitral awards; Conciliation procedure; Mediation Act, 2023; Lok Adalat under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987; Pre-litigation mediation.

Advocates Act, 1961: enrollment and right to practice; BCI Rules Part VI — Standards of Professional Conduct and Etiquette; Duties of advocate to court, client, opponent, and colleagues; Contempt of court; Prohibition on advertising; Disciplinary proceedings: State Bar Council and BCI; Punishment for misconduct (suspension, removal from rolls); Senior Advocate designation.

Origin and development of PIL in India; Relaxation of locus standi doctrine; Articles 32 and 226 as PIL vehicles; Suo motu PIL by courts; Social Action Litigation; Landmark PIL cases: M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, Hussainara Khatoon, Oleum Gas Leak; Guidelines for PIL: prevention of misuse; PIL in environmental, human rights, and prison reform matters.

Elements of tort; Negligence: duty, breach, damage; Nuisance: public and private; Defamation; Strict liability (Rylands v. Fletcher) and absolute liability (M.C. Mehta — Oleum Gas); Vicarious liability; Motor Vehicles Act, 1988: compulsory insurance, MACT, compensation, hit-and-run scheme; Consumer Protection Act, 2019: consumer rights, defect, deficiency, unfair trade practices, Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions.

Income Tax Act, 1961: heads of income, assessment procedure, TDS, appeals; Goods and Services Tax: CGST, SGST, IGST, Input Tax Credit mechanism, GST Council; Customs Act, 1962: import and export duties, assessment, exemptions; Constitutional provisions on taxation (Articles 246, 269, 270, 286).

Companies Act, 2013: types of companies; Incorporation; Memorandum and Articles of Association; Prospectus; Appointment, duties, and removal of directors; Board meetings; Winding up: voluntary and compulsory; NCLT and NCLAT; Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016: basic framework.

Environment Protection Act, 1986: powers, standards, penalties; Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; Forest Conservation Act, 1980; National Green Tribunal Act, 2010; Constitutional provisions (Articles 48A, 51A(g)); Precautionary principle; Polluter pays principle; Public trust doctrine.

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013: procedure, Social Impact Assessment, urgency clause, compensation calculation, rehabilitation obligations; Land ceiling laws; Revenue records and mutation; Tenancy laws; Constitutional protection for property (Article 300A).

Patents Act, 1970: patentability criteria, grant procedure, term, compulsory licensing, infringement; Copyright Act, 1957: original work, author’s rights, term, fair use, infringement and remedies; Trade Marks Act, 1999: registration, passing off, infringement; Designs Act, 2000; Geographical Indications of Goods Act, 1999; TRIPS Agreement obligations.

Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended 2008): digital signatures, electronic records, cyber crimes (hacking, identity theft, publishing obscene material), intermediary liability, blocking of websites; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: data fiduciary obligations, data principal rights, penalties; Cyber Appellate Tribunal; Jurisdiction in cross-border cyber cases.