Bihar Board Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Topic-Wise Weightage and PDF Download

Electric Charges and Fields, Coulomb’s Law, Electric Field Lines, Electric Flux, Gauss’s Theorem, Electrostatic Potential, Equipotential Surfaces, Capacitance, Parallel Plate Capacitor, Energy Stored in an Electric Field

Electric Current, Drift Velocity, Ohm’s Law, Resistance and Resistivity, Temperature Dependence of Resistance, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Wheatstone Bridge, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer, EMF and Internal Resistance of a Cell

Magnetic Force on a Current-carrying Conductor, Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s Law, Solenoid, Toroid, Moving Coil Galvanometer. Earth’s Magnetic Field, Dia/Para/Ferromagnetic Materials, Magnetization, Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid

Faraday’s Laws of Induction, Lenz’s Law, Motional EMF, Self-Inductance, Mutual Inductance. AC Generator, Transformer, Resonance in AC Circuits, Power in AC Circuits, LC Oscillations

Displacement Current, Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays — frequency ranges and practical uses

Ray Optics: Reflection, Refraction, Snell’s Law, Total Internal Reflection, Mirrors, Lenses, Lens Maker’s Formula, Optical Instruments (Microscope, Telescope). Wave Optics: Huygens’ Principle, Interference — Young’s Double Slit Experiment, Diffraction, Polarization

Photoelectric Effect, Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation, Work Function, Threshold Frequency, de Broglie Hypothesis, Wave Nature of Matter, Davisson-Germer Experiment

Rutherford’s Nuclear Model, Bohr’s Model of Hydrogen Atom, Energy Levels, Hydrogen Spectrum. Nuclear Composition, Nuclear Size, Radioactivity, Alpha/Beta/Gamma Decay, Nuclear Fission and Fusion, Binding Energy per Nucleon, Q-Value

Energy Bands in Solids, Semiconductors (Intrinsic and Extrinsic), p-n Junction Diode, Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier, Zener Diode, LED, Photodiode, Solar Cell, Transistors (n-p-n and p-n-p), Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR

Elements of a Communication System, Bandwidth of Signals, Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves (Ground Wave, Sky Wave, Space Wave), Modulation (Amplitude Modulation), Demodulation, Internet and Mobile Telephony

Classification of Solids, Unit Cell, Bravais Lattices, Packing Efficiency, Voids (Octahedral and Tetrahedral), Density of a Unit Cell, Crystal Defects (Schottky and Frenkel), Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Solids

Types of Solutions, Concentration Terms (Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction), Solubility, Henry’s Law, Raoult’s Law, Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions. Colligative Properties: Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure, Elevation of Boiling Point, Depression of Freezing Point, Osmotic Pressure, Van’t Hoff Factor, Abnormal Molar Masses

Electrochemical Cells (Galvanic and Electrolytic), Standard Electrode Potential, Nernst Equation, EMF of Galvanic Cells, Relationship Between Gibbs Energy and EMF, Kohlrausch’s Law, Conductance in Electrolytic Solutions, Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis, Fuel Cells, Corrosion

Rate of Reaction, Factors Affecting Rate, Rate Laws, Order and Molecularity of a Reaction, Integrated Rate Equations (Zero, First, Second Order), Half-Life, Temperature Dependence of Rate (Arrhenius Equation), Activation Energy, Catalysis (Homogeneous and Heterogeneous)

Adsorption (Physisorption vs. Chemisorption), Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm, Heterogeneous Catalysis. Colloids: Types, Preparation, Properties (Tyndall Effect, Brownian Motion), Coagulation (Hardy-Schulze Rule), Dialysis, Emulsions

Occurrence of Metals, Concentration of Ores (Hydraulic Washing, Magnetic Separation, Froth Flotation, Leaching), Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy (Ellingham Diagram), Electrochemical Principles, Refining Methods. Extraction of Copper, Zinc, and Iron (Blast Furnace Process)

Group 15: Properties, Dinitrogen, Ammonia (Haber’s Process), Oxides of Nitrogen, Phosphorus Allotropes, Oxyacids of Phosphorus. Group 16: Properties, Dioxygen, Ozone, Sulphur Allotropes, Sulphuric Acid (Contact Process). Group 17 (Halogens): Properties, Chlorine, Hydrochloric Acid, Interhalogen Compounds, Oxoacids. Group 18 (Noble Gases): Properties and Uses of Helium, Argon, Neon

Transition Elements: Electronic Configuration, General Properties, Colour, Magnetic Properties, Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation. Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate (preparation and uses). Lanthanoids: Electronic Configuration, Oxidation States, Lanthanoid Contraction. Actinoids: Electronic Configuration, General Properties

Werner’s Theory, Ligands, Coordination Number, IUPAC Nomenclature, Isomerism (Geometric and Optical), Bonding (Valence Bond Theory and Crystal Field Theory), Stability of Complexes, Biological Importance (Haemoglobin, Chlorophyll, Vitamin B12)

Classification, IUPAC Nomenclature, Physical Properties. Reactions: Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1 and SN2), Elimination Reactions, Stereochemistry of Substitution. Polyhalogen Compounds: DDT, Carbon Tetrachloride, Chloroform, Iodoform

Classification, IUPAC Nomenclature, Physical Properties. Alcohols: Preparation, Dehydration, Oxidation, Reaction with HX. Phenols: Acidity, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (Nitration, Halogenation), Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer–Tiemann Reaction. Ethers: Preparation, Cleavage by Hydrogen Iodide

Nomenclature, Structure of Carbonyl Group. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition, Aldol Condensation, Cannizzaro Reaction, Oxidation, Reduction (Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner). Carboxylic Acids: Physical Properties, HVZ Reaction, Reduction, Decarboxylation, Esterification

Amines: Classification, Nomenclature, Structure, Basicity, Preparation from Nitro Compounds and by Reduction, Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis, Chemical Reactions. Diazonium Salts: Preparation, Sandmeyer Reaction, Balz-Schiemann Reaction. Cyanides and Isocyanides

Carbohydrates: Classification (Mono, Di, Polysaccharides), Reducing and Non-Reducing Sugars, Structures of Glucose and Fructose. Proteins: Amino Acids, Peptide Bond, Primary to Quaternary Structure, Denaturation, Enzymes. Vitamins: Classification and Deficiency Diseases. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure, Functions

Classification (Natural and Synthetic), Polymerization (Addition, Free Radical, Condensation), Copolymers. Key Polymers: Nylon-6, Nylon-6,6, Polyester (Terylene/Dacron), Bakelite, Natural Rubber, Vulcanized Rubber, Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Polymers

Drugs: Drug-Target Interaction, Classification (Analgesics, Antibiotics, Antiseptics, Disinfectants, Antacids, Antihistamines, Antifertility). Food Additives: Preservatives, Artificial Sweeteners, Antioxidants. Soaps and Detergents: Cleansing Action, Difference Between Soaps and Detergents

Types of Relations: Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive, Equivalence Relations. Types of Functions: One-one, Onto, Bijective. Composition of Functions, Invertible Functions. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Range, Principal Value Branch, Properties and Identities

Matrices: Types (Row, Column, Square, Diagonal, Identity, Zero), Operations, Transpose, Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric, Elementary Row Operations, Invertible Matrices. Determinants: Properties, Expansion Along Rows/Columns, Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint, Inverse of a Matrix, Cramer’s Rule, System of Linear Equations

Continuity and Differentiability: Chain Rule, Implicit and Parametric Differentiation, Logarithmic Differentiation, Higher Order Derivatives, Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem. Applications of Derivatives: Rate of Change, Increasing/Decreasing Functions, Tangents and Normals, Approximations, Maxima and Minima. Integrals: Integration by Substitution, Integration by Parts, Partial Fractions. Definite Integrals: Properties, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Applications of Integrals: Area Between Curves. Differential Equations: Order, Degree, Variable Separable, Homogeneous, Linear First-Order DE

Vectors: Types, Addition, Scalar Product (Dot Product), Vector Product (Cross Product), Scalar Triple Product, Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios. Three-Dimensional Geometry: Equation of a Line in Space (Vector and Cartesian Forms), Angle Between Two Lines, Equation of a Plane (Different Forms), Angle Between Line and Plane, Distance of a Point from a Plane, Shortest Distance Between Two Lines

Introduction to Linear Programming Problems (LPP), Feasible Region, Infeasible Region, Graphical Method of Solution, Corner Point Method. Applications: Manufacturing Problems, Diet Problems, Transportation Problems

Conditional Probability, Multiplication Theorem of Probability, Independent Events, Total Probability, Bayes’ Theorem. Random Variables, Probability Distribution Table. Binomial Distribution: Mean and Variance of Binomial Distribution

Reproduction in Organisms: Asexual (Binary Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Vegetative Propagation) and Sexual Reproduction. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Flower Structure, Microsporogenesis, Megasporogenesis, Pollination (Self and Cross), Fertilization, Embryo Development, Seed and Fruit Formation. Human Reproduction: Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Gametogenesis, Fertilization, Implantation, Embryonic Development. Reproductive Health: STDs, Contraception, Infertility

Mendelian Genetics: Laws of Inheritance, Dominance, Incomplete Dominance, Co-Dominance, Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Groups), Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, Linkage and Crossing Over, Sex Determination, Mutation, Chromosomal Disorders. Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA Structure (Watson-Crick Model), DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation, Genetic Code, Gene Expression and Regulation (Lac Operon), Human Genome Project, DNA Fingerprinting. Evolution: Origin of Life, Theories (Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism), Evidence, Speciation, Adaptive Radiation, Evolution of Man

Human Health and Disease: Immunity (Innate and Acquired), Vaccines, Allergies, Autoimmunity, AIDS, Cancer, Drugs and Alcohol Abuse. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production: Animal Husbandry (Dairy, Poultry, Fisheries), Plant Breeding, Biofortification, SCP, Tissue Culture. Microbes in Human Welfare: Biogas Production, Sewage Treatment, Antibiotics, Biocontrol Agents, Biofertilizers

Principles: Recombinant DNA Technology — Restriction Enzymes, Vectors (Plasmids), PCR, Gel Electrophoresis, Bioreactors. Applications in Medicine: Insulin (Humulin), Gene Therapy, Molecular Diagnosis. Applications in Agriculture: Bt Crops (Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal), RNA Interference, Golden Rice. Ethical Issues, Biopiracy

Organisms and Populations: Population Attributes (Birth Rate, Death Rate, Age Distribution), Growth Models (Exponential, Logistic), Interspecific Interactions (Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Predation, Competition). Ecosystem: Structure, Energy Flow, Nutrient Cycling (Carbon Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle), Ecological Pyramids. Biodiversity and Conservation: Patterns of Biodiversity, Threats, Hotspots, Red Data Book, In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation. Environmental Issues: Air, Water and Soil Pollution, Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, Deforestation

Flamingo — Prose: The Last Lesson, Lost Spring, Deep Water, The Rattrap, Indigo, Poets and Pancakes, The Interview, Going Places.
Flamingo — Poetry: My Mother at Sixty-Six, An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum, Keeping Quiet, A Thing of Beauty, A Roadside Stand, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers.
Vistas — Supplementary Reader: The Third Level, The Tiger King, Journey to the End of the Earth, The Enemy, On the Face of It, Memories of Childhood.

Themes in Indian History Part I: Brick, Beads and Bones; Kings, Farmers and Towns; Kinship, Caste and Class; Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings; Through the Eyes of Travellers; Bhakti-Sufi Traditions. Themes in Indian History Part II: An Imperial Capital — Vijayanagara; Peasants, Zamindars and the State; Kings and Chronicles; Colonialism and the Countryside; Rebels and the Raj; Colonial Cities. Themes in Indian History Part III: Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement; Understanding Partition; Framing the Constitution

Contemporary World Politics: Cold War Era, End of Bipolarity, US Hegemony, Alternative Centres of Power, Contemporary South Asia, International Organisations, Security in the Contemporary World, Environment and Natural Resources, Globalisation. Politics in India Since Independence: Nation-Building and Its Problems, Era of One-Party Dominance, Politics of Planned Development, India’s External Relations, Challenges to Congress Dominance, Popular Movements, Regional Aspirations, Recent Developments in Indian Politics