Bihar Board 12th Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Chapter-Wise Weightage and PDF Download

Meaning and scope of microeconomics; Central problems of an economy — what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce; Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) and its shape; Opportunity cost; Marginal Rate of Transformation (MRT); Economic systems — market economy, centrally planned economy, mixed economy.

Utility — total utility and marginal utility; Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility; Consumer’s equilibrium — utility approach (single and two commodities); Indifference curve analysis — properties, budget line, consumer’s equilibrium; Demand — determinants, law of demand, demand schedule, demand curve; Shifts in demand curve; Elasticity of demand — price elasticity (types, calculation, determinants), income elasticity, cross elasticity.

Production function — total product, average product, marginal product; Law of Variable Proportions (short-run); Returns to Scale (long-run); Costs — fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, average cost, marginal cost; Cost curves and their shapes; Revenue — total revenue, average revenue, marginal revenue; Break-even point; Supply — law of supply, supply schedule, supply curve, elasticity of supply.

Perfect competition — features, demand curve, short-run and long-run equilibrium of a firm; Monopoly — features, demand curve, price determination, price discrimination; Monopolistic competition — features, product differentiation; Oligopoly — features, kinked demand curve; Equilibrium of the firm and industry under perfect competition.

Price ceiling — meaning, diagrammatic explanation, effects; Price floor — meaning, effects on market equilibrium; Effects of taxes and subsidies on market equilibrium; Consumer surplus and producer surplus (introductory level).

Emergence of macroeconomics as a discipline; Circular flow of income — two-sector, three-sector, and four-sector models; Economic territory and resident institutional units; Stocks and flows; Domestic territory vs national territory.

GDP, GNP, NNP — at market price and factor cost; National income, personal income, disposable income; Methods of measuring national income — Product/Value Added Method, Income Method, Expenditure Method; Double counting problem and value-added concept; GDP and welfare — limitations as a welfare indicator; Green GNP.

Functions of money — medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, standard of deferred payment; Measures of money supply — M1, M2, M3, M4; Central bank — functions (currency issue, banker to government, banker’s bank, credit control); Monetary policy tools — CRR, SLR, Repo Rate, Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations; Commercial banks — credit creation process and its limitations.

Aggregate demand — components (consumption, investment, government expenditure, net exports); Aggregate supply; Consumption function — MPC, APC; Savings function — MPS, APS; Investment function — types (autonomous and induced); Equilibrium income — two-sector model; Multiplier — meaning, formula, working; Inflationary gap and deflationary gap; Full employment equilibrium.

Objectives of government budget; Revenue receipts — tax revenue (direct and indirect taxes) and non-tax revenue; Capital receipts — borrowings, disinvestment; Revenue expenditure and capital expenditure; Revenue deficit; Fiscal deficit — meaning and significance; Primary deficit; Deficit financing.

Balance of Trade vs Balance of Payments; Current account — visible and invisible items; Capital account — foreign investment, loans; Disequilibrium in BoP and its causes; Foreign exchange market — meaning and functions; Exchange rate determination — fixed, flexible, and managed float; Appreciation and depreciation of currency.

Electric charges and fields; Coulomb’s Law; Electric field lines; Gauss’s Law; Electrostatic potential and capacitance; Capacitors in series and parallel; Dielectrics; Van de Graaff generator.

Ohm’s Law; Drift velocity; Kirchhoff’s Laws; Wheatstone bridge; Potentiometer; EMF and internal resistance; Cells in series and parallel.

Biot-Savart Law; Ampere’s Circuital Law; Moving coil galvanometer; Conversion to ammeter and voltmeter; Bar magnet; Earth’s magnetic field; Magnetisation; Hysteresis.

Faraday’s Laws; Lenz’s Law; Self and mutual inductance; AC generator; LCR circuits; Resonance; Power factor; Transformers; Wattless current.

Ray optics — mirrors, refraction, lenses, total internal reflection, lens maker’s equation, optical instruments (microscope, telescope); Wave optics — Huygen’s Principle, interference, Young’s Double Slit Experiment, diffraction, polarisation, Brewster’s Law.

Rutherford’s model; Bohr’s model; Hydrogen spectrum; Radioactivity — alpha, beta, gamma decay; Laws of radioactive decay; Nuclear fission; Nuclear fusion; Binding energy per nucleon.

Semiconductors — intrinsic and extrinsic (n-type, p-type); p-n junction; Diodes — rectifier, LED, photodiode, solar cell; Zener diode; Transistor — as amplifier and switch; Logic gates — AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR.

Group 15 — Nitrogen family (properties, allotropes of P, oxoacids of N and P); Group 16 — Oxygen family (allotropes of S, oxoacids of S); Group 17 — Halogens (properties, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of Cl); Group 18 — Noble gases (uses).

Nucleophilic addition reactions; Aldol condensation; Cannizzaro reaction; Clemmensen and Wolf-Kishner reduction; Acidity of carboxylic acids; Reactions of acid derivatives.

Matrices — types, operations, transpose, symmetric; Determinants — properties, cofactors, minors, expansion; Adjoint and inverse of a matrix; Applications in solving system of linear equations using Cramer’s rule and matrix method.

Continuity and differentiability — chain rule, implicit differentiation, logarithmic differentiation, parametric forms; Mean Value Theorems (Rolle’s and Lagrange’s); Applications of derivatives — rate of change, tangents and normals, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima; Integration — substitution, by parts, partial fractions, standard forms; Definite integrals — properties (King’s rule and others); Applications of integrals — area under curves; Differential equations — formation, variable separable, homogeneous, linear first-order.

Vectors — magnitude, direction cosines, position vectors; Dot product; Cross product; Scalar triple product; Direction cosines and ratios; Equations of a line and plane in 3D; Angle between line and plane; Skew lines; Shortest distance between two lines.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants — pollination types, double fertilisation, seed and fruit development; Human reproduction — male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, embryonic development; Reproductive health — contraception methods, STDs, infertility, amniocentesis.

Mendel’s Laws; Exceptions — incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple allelism; Chromosomal theory; Sex determination; Mutation; Pedigree analysis; Molecular basis of inheritance — DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation; Lac operon; Human Genome Project; DNA fingerprinting; Evolution — origin of life, Hardy-Weinberg principle, natural selection, speciation; Human evolution.

Human health and diseases — types of immunity, AIDS, cancer, drugs and alcohol abuse; Strategies for enhancement in food production — animal husbandry, plant breeding, biofortification; Microbes in human welfare — industrial products, sewage treatment, biogas, biofertilisers.

Tools — restriction enzymes, PCR, gel electrophoresis, cloning vectors; Recombinant DNA technology; GMOs; Bt crops; Applications in medicine — insulin production, gene therapy; Biosafety; Biopiracy.

Organisms and populations — ecological adaptations, population interactions; Ecosystems — energy flow, nutrient cycling; Ecological succession; Biodiversity — types, patterns, importance, loss; Conservation — in-situ and ex-situ; Environmental issues — pollution, global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation.

Receipts and Payments Account; Income and Expenditure Account; Balance Sheet; Treatment of special items (subscriptions, legacies, entrance fees, depreciation).

Partnership deed; Fixed and fluctuating capital; P&L Appropriation Account; Goodwill valuation (Average Profit, Super Profit, Capitalisation methods); Admission — new PSR, sacrificing ratio; Retirement and death of a partner — gaining ratio; Dissolution — Realisation Account, piecemeal distribution.

Issue, forfeiture, and re-issue of shares; Calls in arrears; Issue and redemption of debentures; Types of debentures; Redemption methods.

Balance Sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss of a company; Common-size statements; Comparative statements; Ratio analysis — liquidity (current ratio, quick ratio), solvency (debt-equity ratio), activity (inventory turnover, debtors turnover), profitability (gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, ROI); Cash Flow Statement (direct and indirect method).

Nature and significance of management; Fayol’s 14 principles and Taylor’s scientific management; Business environment (LPG reforms); Planning (types of plans); Organising (delegation, decentralisation, formal vs informal); Staffing (recruitment, selection, training); Directing (motivation — Maslow and Herzberg, leadership styles, communication barriers); Controlling (budgetary control, MIS, break-even analysis).

Financial management (capital structure, fixed and working capital); Financial markets — money market instruments, capital market, stock exchange (NSE/BSE), SEBI; Marketing management — marketing mix (4Ps), product life cycle, promotion mix; Consumer Protection Act 2019 — rights of consumers, redressal machinery (District Forum up to ₹1 crore, State Commission ₹1–10 crore, National Commission above ₹10 crore).