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Read Also: How do Organisms Reproduce?
Reproduction is a process which allows organisms to maintain their lineage and increase their population.
Introduction
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This is one of the most important chapters in class 10 for Biology students. Reproduction is the most important stage for propagation.
Explanation
Two types of Reproduction: Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction
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Asexual Reproduction involves only one organism. A single organism reproduces 2 or multiple organisms on its own. This is mostly seen in all unicellular organisms, few multi cellular organisms and some plants.
Asexual Reproduction can be of 5 different types.
- Fission
- Budding
- Regeneration
- Fragmentation
- Spore formation
- Vegetative propagation
Fission
Fission is the most common asexual reproduction method amongst the unicellular organisms. When the fission results in 2 daughter cells, it is binary fission (Example: Paramecium). When fission results in many daughter cells, it is called multiple fission (Example: Plasmodium).
Budding
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which small-cyst like structure is formed on parent’s body, which forms the new individual body. The small cyst like structure is called Bud.
Example: Hydra.
Regeneration and Fragmentation
The process of growing back the lost organ or body part by the organism is called Regeneration.
Example: Lizard
Fragmentation is the process by which an organism gets fragmented into smaller pieces and each piece turns into a new child body.
Example: Planaria, Hydra.
Spore Formation
Organisms like fungi produce spores which grow into a completely new individual when dispersed from their fruiting body.
Read More About Spore Formation
Vegetative Propagation
This is a type of asexual reproduction seen in plants, the vegetative part of the plant like leaves, stem, root given rise to a new plant. Vegetative propagation can be artificial or natural. Example: Strawberry, Onion.
Sexual Reproduction
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Sexual reproduction can be of many types, Sexual reproduction can be mainly seen in eukaryotic organisms.
There are mainly 2 types of cell division seen in eukaryotic organisms:
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Mitosis
It is one of the types of cell divisions which takes place in somatic cells. Through this cell division organisms maintain chromosome number. Through this mitosis organisms produce 2 diploid daughter cells.
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Meiosis
This is one of the types of cell divisions which takes place in sex cells, reduces the number of chromosomes by half. Through the reproduction process organisms produce 4 haploid daughter cells.
Reproductive System
Organisms have their reproductive systems through which they reproduce and propagate. Here we are going to discuss Male Reproductive System and Female Reproductive System of Human.
Male Reproductive System
The pair of testes are the main reproductive organ in males. They are responsible for producing the male sex cells (sperms) and male sex hormone (testosterone).
Male accessory reproductive organs
The production of semen and nourishment of sperms is carried out by the prostate gland and the seminal vesicles.
Male Ducts
In males the vas deferens and urethra are the main ducts.
Female reproductive System
The human female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of fallopian tubes/ oviducts and the accessory organs such as the uterus and vagina.
Reproduction in Plants
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Sexual Reproduction in plants
Sexual reproduction in plants happens through flowers. Essential whorls of flowers such as androecium and gynoecium help in sexual reproduction of plants.
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Non-Essential Parts of Flowers
A common flower structure contains essential and non-essential whorls. Sepals and petals are called non-essential whorls as they are not involved in reproduction directly. Petals when they are coloured attract insects for pollination.
Read More About Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Important Questions with Answers
Question: What is fertilization? (1 mark)
Ans. Fertilisation is defined as the fusion of a male gamete(sperm) with a female gamete (an ovum or egg) to form a zygote during sexual reproduction.
Question: Define the terms Unisexual and Bisexual giving one example of each. (1 mark)
Ans. Unisexual is the plant whose flowers contain either stamens or carpels but not both. Example: Papaya, Watermelon.
Bisexual is the plant whose flowers contain both stamens and carpels. Example: Hibiscus, Mustard.
Question: What is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate on the reproduction process? (1 mark)
Ans. DNA copying is not perfectly accurate and the resultant errors are a source of variation in population of organisms.
Question: What is reproduction? (1 mark)
Ans. Reproduction is the process of producing new individuals of the same species by existing organisms of species, i.e., parents.
Question: Name one sexually transmitted disease each caused due to bacterial infection and viral infection. How can these be prevented? (1 mark)
Ans. Sexually transmitted disease caused due to
- Bacterial Infection is Gonorrhoea.
- Viral Infection is AIDS.
These diseases can be prevented by responsible sexual behaviour such as use of condom during intercourse etc.
Question: State the method used for growing rose plants. (1 mark)
Ans. Artificial methods of vegetative propagation like cutting are used to growing rose plants.
Question: State what type of method is used for growing jasmine plants. (1 mark)
Ans. Artificial methods of vegetative propagation like layering are used for growing jasmine plant.
Question: Name the largest cell present in the human body. (1 mark)
Ans. The largest cell present in the human body is ovum.
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