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Ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water, and ions such as Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, and others are all accumulated by animals, either by metabolic processes or through other mechanisms such as excessive intake. These compounds must be eliminated entirely or in parts. The main nitrogenous wastes emitted by mammals are ammonia, urea, and uric acid. The most harmful type, ammonia, needs a substantial amount of water for removal, whereas uric acid, which is the least hazardous, may be eliminated with minimal water loss.
Question 1: Which organ excretes urea in the human body?
- Digestive System
- Urinary Bladder
- Liver
- Kidneys
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Answer: c) Liver
Explanation: The liver makes various chemicals (enzymes) that convert ammonia to urea, which the body may eliminate through the urine.
Question 2: Kidney tissues that are formed like cones are known as ___.
- Renal Pelvis
- Renal Calculi
- Renal Pyramids
- Renal Vasculitis
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Answer: c) Renal Pyramids
Explanation: Renal pyramids are renal tissues with a cone form. Malpighian pyramids are another name for renal pyramids. Because they are in segments of parallel nephrons, renal pyramids are striped.
Question 3: ___ are smooth muscle fibre tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- Renal Papilla
- Ureters
- Urethra
- None of the above
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Answer: b) Ureters
Explanation: The ureters are smooth muscle fibre-filled tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The ureters in adults are normally 25–30 cm (10–12 in) length and 3–4 mm wide. The ureter is a vital part of the urinary system that regulates urine transit.
Question 4: The Bowman capsule is found in the ___.
- Cortex
- Bladder
- Henle’s Loop
- None of the above
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Answer: a) Cortex
Explanation: Bowman's capsule is in the cortex, which is the outer section of the kidney. The capsule is a sealed, inflated sac at the tubule's end, with the rest of the tubule elongating into a twisted and looped tubule in which urine is generated.
Question 5: Substantial amounts of protein lead to excretion of ___
- Urea and Uric Acid
- Water
- Salts
- Glucose
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Answer: a) Urea and Uric Acid
Explanation: Urea is a nitrogenous waste-derived excretory compound. In the urea cycle, nitrogen in proteins creates ammonia, which is then transformed into urea in the liver. If one eats more protein in the diet, then more ammonia will be excreted, and the liver's urea synthesis will rise.
Question 6: ___ is released by JG cells.
- ANF
- Aldosterone
- Renin
- Angiotensin II
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Answer: c) Renin
Explanation: In the afferent arteriole, specialised granule cells known as juxtaglomerular cells or JG cells release renin into the blood. Renin is a proteolytic enzyme that transforms angiotensinogen, an inert plasma protein, into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is a polypeptide with a length of ten amino acids.
Question 7: ___ absorbs most of the water and salts.
- PCT
- DCT
- Bowman’s Capsule
- Both a) and b)
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Answer: a) PCT
Explanation: Water and solutes in the PCT are transferred into the circulation during reabsorption. This procedure is carried out in the PCT by bulk transfer. The proximal tubules reabsorb around 65 per cent of water, salt, potassium, and chloride, as well as 100 per cent glucose, 100 percent amino acids, and 85-90 per cent bicarbonate.
Question 8: Name the yellow pigment excreted by kidneys and which is derived from heme breakdown.
- Uric Acid
- Cholesterol
- Urochrome
- Melanin
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Answer: c) Urochrome
Explanation: Urochrome is a yellow pigment, formed when heme is broken down and deposited in the bloodstream before being eliminated by the kidneys as urine. It gives urine its colour.
Question 9: What is the name of the human kidney's fundamental functioning unit?
- Neuron
- Nephron
- Cilia
- Exon
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Answer: b) Nephron
Explanation: In the kidney, a nephron is a structural and functional unit. A million nephrons are found in each kidney. A nephron is a lengthy tubule that is divided into four parts: Bowman's capsule, PCT, Henle's loop, and DCT, each with its specific function.
Question 10: Which organ is home to the Krebs-Henseleit cycle, a series of biological reactions?
- Lungs
- Liver
- Urinary Bladder
- Kidneys
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Answer: b) Liver
Explanation: Nearly 80% of nitrogen excreted in humans and animals is in the form of urea, which is created by a sequence of processes in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix of liver cells. The urea cycle, also known as the Krebs-Henseleit cycle, is a collection of several processes.
Question 11: ____ is the intersection of two or three main renal calyces.
- Urethra
- Renal Pelvis
- Bowman’s Capsule
- None of the above
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Answer: b) Renal Pelvis
Explanation: The renal pelvis, also known as the kidney pelvis, is the dilated section of the ureter in the kidney that looks like a funnel. The renal pelvis is where the two or three main calyces meet in humans.
Question 12: The ___ is a hollow, distensible muscular sac positioned directly beneath the pubic bone in the pelvis.
- Urinary Bladder
- Ureters
- Liver
- Bowman’s Capsule
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Answer: a) Urinary Bladder
Explanation: In humans and other animals, the urinary bladder, or simply bladder, is a hollow muscular structure that stores urine from the kidneys before urination. The bladder is a distensible hollow organ that rests on the pelvic floor in humans.
Question 13: The ___ is responsible for recovering water and sodium chloride from the urine.
- Ureter
- Urethra
- Loop of Henle
- Renal Calculi
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Answer: c) Loop of Henle
Explanation: The primary purpose of the Henle loop is to recover water and sodium chloride from urine. This function enables the creation of urine, which is much more concentrated than blood, hence reducing the quantity of water required for living.
Question 14: Increase in blood volume and blood pressure triggers the release of ___.
- Bile
- Juxta Cells
- Aldosterone
- ANF
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Answer: d) ANF
Explanation: A peptide generated by the atria in response to increased atrial pressure or distension is known as an atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). ANF produces natriuresis and arterial vasodilation in humans, which may contribute to the polyuria seen during tachycardia.
Question 15: What can be the reason behind the presence of albumin in urine?
- Increase in the blood pressure
- Damage to the proximal convoluted tubules
- Damage in the blood osmotic corpuscles
- Damage to the Malpighian corpuscles
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Answer: d) Damage to the Malpighian corpuscles
Explanation: Albumin excretion in the urine is typically less than 30 mg per day. Higher permeability of the filtering cells of the kidney in the glomerulus, which is a component of the Malpighian corpuscle of the kidney, is symptomatic of increased urine albumin excretion.
Question 16: Proximal and distal convoluted tubules are components of ___.
- Vas deferens
- Renal Tubule
- Oviduct
- Seminiferous Tubules
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Answer: b) Renal Tubule
Explanation: The renal tubules include the proximal convoluted tubule (which lies in the cortex and is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with brush borders, which helps to increase the area of absorption) and the distal convoluted tubule. The remaining components are the Henle loop and the connecting tubule.
Question 17: What can be the consequence of removing stretch receptors of the urinary bladder wall?
- There will be no micturition
- Micturition will continue
- Urine will not be collected in the bladder
- Urine will be collected normally in the bladder
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Answer: a) There will be no micturition
Explanation: When the urine bladder is filled to its maximum capacity, stretch receptors transmit signals to the brain. If they are eliminated, two things will happen: 1- Urine will continue to collect in the bladder; 2- There will be no micturition since there is no receptor to halt urine collection in the bladder and evacuate the already existent urine.
Question 18: What will happen to the tissue if the kidneys fail to reabsorb water?
- It will absorb more oxygen from blood
- It will shrink and shrivel
- It will absorb water from blood plasma
- It will remain unaffected
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Answer: b) It will shrink and shrivel
Explanation: If the kidneys fail to reabsorb water, the body will excrete beneficial minerals and water in the form of urine, resulting in dilute urine. Due to the existence of an osmotic gradient caused by the migration of sodium chloride outside the tubular fluid, the organism will get dehydrated, and tissues will shrink and shrivel. The amount of sodium in the body can quickly rise.
Question 19: Uricotelism can be found in ___.
- Frogs and Toads
- Fishes and Freshwater Protozoans
- Birds, Reptiles, and Insects
- Mammals and Birds
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Answer: c) Birds, Reptiles, and Insects
Explanation: Uricotelic animals are those that exhibit uricotelism. Birds, terrestrial reptiles, and insects have all been found to have it.
Question 20: Which of the following are eliminated from the blood during the ornithine cycle?
- CO2 and Urea
- Ammonia and Urea
- Urea and Sodium Salts
- CO2 and Ammonia
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Answer: d) CO2 and Ammonia
Explanation: Ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are two waste products taken from the blood in the liver via the Ornithine cycle. The urea cycle is the action of molecules and enzymes in the liver on carbon dioxide and ammonia to transform them into urea. Two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide are removed per cycle.
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