ICSE Class 10 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Weightage and PDF Download

Formal letter writing (to editors, officials, applications); informal/personal letter writing; directed writing (report, notice, article, speech); argumentative essay; descriptive essay; narrative essay.

Unseen comprehension passages (factual and literary); vocabulary in context; Grammar topics: tenses, active and passive voice, direct and indirect speech, degrees of comparison, clauses, transformation of sentences, punctuation, prepositions, articles.

Causes: political (Doctrine of Lapse), economic (land revenue system), social (interference with customs), military (cartridge controversy); spread of the revolt; key leaders (Rani Lakshmibai, Tantya Tope, Bahadur Shah Zafar); suppression; consequences (Government of India Act 1858).

Factors promoting nationalism (English language, press, literature, historical research); formation of INC (1885); moderate and extremist phases; Bal Gangadhar Tilak; Partition of Bengal (1905); Swadeshi Movement; Surat Split.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22); Simon Commission; Civil Disobedience Movement and Dandi March (1930); Round Table Conferences; Quit India Movement (1942); role of Subhash Chandra Bose and the INA; Independence and Partition (1947).

Formation of the United Nations (1945); purposes and principal organs; Cold War origins; Non-Aligned Movement; decolonisation; formation of new nations in Asia and Africa.

Composition, powers, and functions of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha; differences between the two houses; legislative procedure; money bills; role of the Speaker; joint sitting provisions.

Election and powers of the President; discretionary powers; role of the Vice-President; appointment and powers of the Prime Minister; collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers.

Supreme Court: composition, appointment, jurisdiction (original, appellate, advisory, writ); High Courts: composition, jurisdiction; independence of the judiciary; judicial review.

The Himalayas (divisions: Greater, Lesser, Siwalik; rivers; significance); Northern Plains (formation, divisions); Peninsular Plateau (Deccan, Eastern and Western Ghats); Coastal Plains; Islands. Major rivers: Ganga, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, Cauvery — source, course, drainage basin.

Factors controlling Indian climate (latitude, altitude, sea, mountains, monsoon winds); seasons (winter, summer, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon); distribution of rainfall; drought-prone and flood-prone areas; climate regions of India.

Sources of irrigation (wells, canals, tanks); major river valley projects (Bhakra–Nangal, Damodar, Hirakud); types of farming; food crops: rice, wheat (conditions, distribution); cash crops: cotton, jute, sugarcane, tea, coffee (conditions, distribution, importance).

Cotton textile industry (distribution, challenges); jute textile industry; iron and steel industry (raw materials, location — Jamshedpur, Bhilai); petrochemical industry; software and IT industry (Bengaluru, Hyderabad); factors of industrial location.

Goods and Services Tax (GST): computation of GST on transactions, input tax credit concept; Banking: recurring deposit accounts, calculating maturity value and interest; Shares and Dividends: nominal value, market value, dividend per share, yield, return on investment.

Linear Inequations in one variable: representation on number line; Quadratic Equations: factorisation method, formula method (discriminant), word problems; Ratio and Proportion: k-method, properties; Factorisation of polynomials: remainder theorem, factor theorem; Matrices: order, types, addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, multiplication (up to 2×2).

Similarity: similar triangles, BPT, ratio of areas, applications in maps and models; Loci: definition, equidistant loci, constructions; Circles: arc and chord properties, angle in semicircle, cyclic quadrilateral, tangent and secant properties, alternate segment theorem; Constructions: circumscribed and inscribed circles, tangent from external point.

Area related to circles (arc, sector, ring); surface area and volume of cylinder, cone, sphere, hemisphere; problems involving melting, recasting, and combined solids.

Trigonometric identities: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ, 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ; proving identities; heights and distances: angle of elevation, angle of depression, one or two triangles in a problem.

Mean, median, mode for grouped data using direct and assumed mean method; histograms; frequency polygons; cumulative frequency tables; ogives (more-than and less-than); quartiles (Q1, Q3); inter-quartile range; deciles; percentiles.

Reflection of a point in x-axis, y-axis, y = x, origin; section formula; midpoint formula; distance formula; gradient of a line; equation of a straight line in slope-intercept form, point-slope form, two-point form; collinearity; perpendicular and parallel lines; centroid of a triangle.

Turning effect of forces; moment of a force (definition, SI unit); principle of moments; couple; forces in equilibrium; centre of gravity (definition and location for regular laminas); stability and toppling conditions.

Work done by a force (W = Fs cos θ); unit of work (joule); kinetic energy (½mv²); potential energy (mgh); principle of conservation of energy; power (P = W/t); unit of power (watt); commercial unit of energy (kWh).

Simple machines; mechanical advantage (MA), velocity ratio (VR), efficiency (η = MA/VR × 100%); levers: Class I (pliers, seesaw), Class II (wheelbarrow, nutcracker), Class III (tweezers, forearm); pulleys: single fixed, single movable, block and tackle systems.

Laws of refraction (Snell’s law); refraction through a glass slab; total internal reflection; critical angle; practical applications (optical fibre, periscope, binoculars); lenses: convex and concave, image formation (ray diagrams, lens formula); power of a lens; defects of vision (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia) and correction.

Production and propagation of sound; characteristics (pitch, loudness, quality); reflection of sound; echo; reverberation; conditions for echo; ultrasound: properties and applications (SONAR, medical imaging, cleaning).

Electric current; Ohm’s law (V = IR); resistance; factors affecting resistance; resistors in series (R = R1 + R2) and parallel (1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2); internal resistance; cells in series and parallel; electric power (P = VI = I²R = V²/R); electric energy; household electricity consumption.

Live, neutral, and earth wires (colours, functions); earthing and its importance for safety; fuse (rating, function, placement in live wire only); circuit breaker; three-pin plug wiring; overloading and short circuit prevention.

Nuclear structure: protons, neutrons, atomic number, mass number; isotopes, isobars, isotones; radioactive emissions: alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) — properties and penetrating power; half-life concept; nuclear fission; chain reaction; nuclear fusion; nuclear reactor; uses of radioactivity (medical, power, tracers); hazards and safety measures.

Magnetic effect of current; right-hand thumb rule; magnetic field of a straight wire and solenoid; force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field; Fleming’s left-hand rule; electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law; Fleming’s right-hand rule; AC and DC generators (construction and working); transformer (step-up, step-down; turns ratio).

Modern Periodic Table; periodicity; atomic radius (trend across period and down group); ionisation energy; electron affinity; electronegativity; metallic and non-metallic character; variation of valency; diagonal relationship.

Electrovalent (ionic) bonding: formation, electron dot structure, properties; covalent bonding: single, double, triple bonds, electron dot structure, properties; coordinate (dative) bonding; comparison of ionic and covalent compounds.

Properties of acids and bases; reactions (with metals, metal oxides, carbonates, hydroxides); neutralisation; pH scale; indicators (litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange); types of salts (normal, acidic, basic, double, complex); preparation of salts; uses of salts.

Identification of cations: NH4+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ (action of NaOH, NH3 solution); identification of anions: CO3²–, SO4²–, Cl–, NO3–, SO3²– (gas tests, precipitate tests); flame tests (Na, K, Ca, Ba, Cu, Li).

Atomic mass and molecular mass; mole and Avogadro’s number; molar volume of gas at STP; percentage composition; empirical formula; molecular formula; stoichiometric calculations from balanced equations; limiting reagent concept; yield of reactions.

Electrolytes and non-electrolytes; electrolytic conduction; electrolysis of: water (dilute H2SO4), brine, molten NaCl, CuSO4 solution with platinum electrodes and copper electrodes; discharge of ions; Faraday’s laws (qualitative); electroplating: principle, application, examples (gold, silver plating, chrome plating).

Occurrence of metals; ore and gangue; steps of metallurgy: concentration (froth floatation, magnetic separation), reduction (smelting, thermite), refining (electrolytic); extraction of aluminium (Bayer’s process, Hall–Héroult process); extraction of zinc; iron (blast furnace); alloys: composition and uses (brass, bronze, duralumin, stainless steel).

Hydrogen Chloride: laboratory preparation, properties, reactions (with metals, bases, carbonates), distinction between HCl gas and hydrochloric acid. Ammonia: laboratory and industrial preparation (Haber process), properties, reactions, uses. Nitric Acid: Ostwald’s process, properties, reactions (as acid and oxidising agent), uses. Sulphuric Acid: Contact process, properties (dilute and concentrated), reactions, precaution during dilution, uses.

Introduction to organic compounds; tetravalency of carbon; homologous series; hydrocarbons: alkanes (methane, ethane — structure, combustion), alkenes (ethylene — structure, addition reactions), alkynes (acetylene — structure, reactions); alcohols (ethanol — structure, properties, uses); carboxylic acids (acetic acid — preparation, properties); polymers: addition polymerisation (polyethylene, PVC), condensation polymerisation (nylon, terylene).

Cell Division: Mitosis — phases (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), significance (growth and repair); Meiosis — phases (meiosis I and II), significance (gamete formation, genetic variation), comparison between mitosis and meiosis.
Genetics: Mendel’s Laws — Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment; monohybrid cross (F1, F2 ratios); dihybrid cross; phenotype and genotype; dominant and recessive traits; sex determination in humans (XX/XY mechanism); sex-linked traits; hereditary diseases — haemophilia, colour blindness, sickle cell anaemia; mutation concept.

Absorption by Roots: Osmosis (definition, demonstration); plasmolysis and deplasmolysis; diffusion; active transport; structure and function of root hairs; ascent of sap (cohesion–tension theory).
Transpiration: Types (stomatal, cuticular, lenticular); factors affecting rate; importance (cooling, mineral transport); stomata structure and opening–closing mechanism; transpiration pull.
Photosynthesis: Light reaction (photolysis of water, ATP formation, NADPH); dark reaction (Calvin cycle, CO2 fixation); factors affecting rate (light, CO2, temperature, water); significance; structure of chloroplast; starch test.
Chemical Coordination in Plants: Phytohormones — auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid; photoperiodism; thigmotropism, phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism.

Circulatory System: Structure and working of the human heart (chambers, valves, conduction system); cardiac cycle; pulmonary and systemic circulation; blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries — structure and function); composition of blood (plasma, RBCs, WBCs, platelets); blood groups (ABO and Rh system); coagulation; lymphatic system (lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels).
Excretory System: Organs of excretion; structure of the kidney (cortex, medulla, pelvis); structure and function of a nephron; process of urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, secretion); dialysis and kidney transplant.
Nervous System: CNS (brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata) and PNS; structure of a neuron (dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, synapse); nerve impulse transmission; reflex arc; types of reflexes (conditioned, unconditioned).
Endocrine System: Differences between endocrine and exocrine glands; major glands — pituitary (growth hormone, FSH, LH), thyroid (thyroxine), parathyroid (PTH), adrenal (adrenaline, cortisol), pancreas (insulin, glucagon), gonads; disorders (diabetes, goitre, dwarfism, acromegaly).
Reproductive System: Male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra); female reproductive organs (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina); gametogenesis (spermatogenesis, oogenesis); fertilisation; implantation; placenta (structure, functions); foetal development stages; menstrual cycle; contraception methods.

World population growth history; exponential growth; problems of overpopulation (food insecurity, resource depletion, unemployment, urban crowding, environmental stress); methods of population control (family planning, education, age of marriage); India’s population policy; role of maternal and child health in population control.

Origin of life: chemical evolution (Miller–Urey experiment); Lamarckism (use and disuse, acquired characters); Darwinism (natural selection, survival of fittest, variations); Neo-Darwinism; evidences of evolution: fossil record, comparative anatomy (homologous and analogous organs, vestigial organs), embryological evidence; human evolutionary timeline: Ramapithecus → Australopithecus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo sapiens; features of each stage.

Air Pollution: Causes (vehicular, industrial, burning); pollutants (CO, SO2, NOx, SPM, hydrocarbons); effects on health and plants; smog; acid rain; control measures (catalytic converters, CNG, scrubbers).
Water Pollution: Sources (industrial effluents, sewage, fertilisers, oil spills); effects on aquatic life and human health; purification methods; water conservation.
Soil Pollution: Pesticides, heavy metals, plastic waste, sewage sludge; effects on soil fertility; remediation methods.
Noise Pollution: Sources (traffic, industries, loudspeakers); effects on health (hearing loss, stress, sleep disruption); control measures.
Radioactive Pollution: Sources (nuclear power plants, medical waste, nuclear testing); effects on health; safety measures.
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change: Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapour); mechanism; global warming consequences (sea-level rise, extreme weather).
Ozone Depletion: Role of ozone layer; CFCs and their effect; ozone hole; Montreal Protocol.
Waste Management: Biodegradable vs. non-biodegradable waste; 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle); composting; biogas from organic waste; e-waste management.