ICSE Class 10 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Weightage and PDF Download

Essay writing (narrative, descriptive, argumentative, discursive); Directed writing: formal and informal letters, email, notice, report, speech, article; Short composition: dialogue, email, summary writing.

Unseen prose passage; comprehension questions on content and inference; vocabulary in context; summary writing (identify and present 5–6 main points in your own words).

Sentence transformation; sentence combining; gap-filling (prepositions, conjunctions, articles); error correction; active and passive voice; direct and indirect speech; degrees of comparison; rearranging jumbled sentences.

Goods and Services Tax (GST): CGST, SGST, IGST, computation with input tax credit; Banking: Recurring Deposit accounts, interest calculation; Shares and Dividends: face value vs. market value, dividend calculation, yield, return on investment, annual income from shares.

Linear inequations in one variable; Graphing on number line; Quadratic equations: factorisation and formula methods, nature of roots (discriminant); Ratio and Proportion: alternendo, invertendo, componendo-dividendo; Matrices: types, addition, subtraction, multiplication (2×2); Arithmetic Progressions: nth term, sum of n terms; Geometric Progressions: nth term and sum; Coordinate Geometry: distance formula, section formula, midpoint formula, centroid, slope, equation of a line (slope-intercept and two-point forms), collinearity.

Similar triangles: AA/SAS/SSS criteria, area theorem, Pythagoras theorem and converse; Circle theorems: tangent-radius perpendicularity, tangent from external point, chord-arc relations, angle in a semicircle, cyclic quadrilateral; Loci: standard loci results, construction using loci; Geometric constructions: circumscribed and inscribed circles, tangent to a circle from external point.

Surface area and volume of: cylinder, hollow cylinder, cone, sphere, hemisphere; Combined solids (e.g., cone on cylinder, hemisphere on cylinder); Area and circumference of circle, sector, and segment.

Trigonometric ratios for acute angles; Standard trigonometric identities; Complementary angle relations; Angle of elevation and angle of depression; Two-triangle heights and distances problems.

Arithmetic mean for grouped data: direct, short-cut, step-deviation methods; Histogram and Frequency Polygon; Median using formula and from ogive; Mode for grouped data; Cumulative frequency; Ogive (less-than and more-than types); Quartiles from ogive.

Classical definition of probability; Sample space and events; Equally likely outcomes; Problems using playing cards, dice, and coins; Complementary events; Probability scale (0 to 1).

Moment of a force; Torque; Principle of moments; Centre of gravity; Equilibrium: stable, unstable, neutral; Uniform circular motion; Centripetal force; Real-life examples of circular motion.

Work done by a constant force; Kinetic and potential energy; Conservation of energy; Power and units; Commercial unit (kWh); Simple machines: levers (Class I, II, III), pulleys (single fixed, movable, block and tackle), inclined plane; Mechanical advantage (MA), velocity ratio (VR), efficiency — relationships and numerical problems.

Laws of refraction; Snell’s law; Refractive index; Critical angle; Total internal reflection; Applications: optical fibre, prism periscope; Refraction through prism; Lenses: convex and concave; Focal length, principal axis; Ray diagrams; Lens formula; Magnification; Power of a lens; Human eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia) and correction.

Electromagnetic spectrum: members, wavelength range, and uses; Dispersion of white light through a prism; Scattering of light (Rayleigh scattering); Blue sky and red sunset; Colours of objects.

Nature and propagation of sound; Pitch, loudness, quality (timbre); Speed of sound in different media; Reflection of sound; Echo and reverberation; Resonance; SONAR; Infrasound and ultrasound; Applications in medicine and engineering.

Ohm’s law; Resistance and resistivity; Factors affecting resistance; Series and parallel circuits; Equivalent resistance; EMF and internal resistance; Electric power and energy; Domestic circuits: earthing, fuse, MCB, safety precautions; Magnetic effect of current; Oersted’s experiment; Electromagnets; Force on a conductor (Fleming’s left-hand rule); DC motor; Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law; Fleming’s right-hand rule; AC generator; Transformer: step-up and step-down.

Heat capacity; Specific heat capacity; Method of mixtures (calorimetry); Latent heat: specific latent heat of fusion and vaporisation; Numerical problems on heat gained and lost.

Radioactivity; Alpha, beta, gamma radiation — properties, penetrating power; Background radiation; Geiger-Müller tube; Half-life concept; Safe handling and uses of radioisotopes (medicine, carbon dating); Nuclear fission; Chain reaction; Nuclear fusion; Basic principle of a nuclear reactor.

Modern periodic law; Groups and periods; Electronic configuration and its relation to position in the table; Atomic radius; Ionisation energy; Electronegativity; Metallic/non-metallic character — trends across periods and down groups.

Electrovalent (ionic) bond: electron transfer, ion formation; Covalent bond: single, double, triple bonds; Coordinate (dative) bond; Lewis dot structures; Properties of ionic vs. covalent compounds.

Arrhenius theory; Properties of acids and bases; pH scale; Indicators; Neutralisation; Types of salts: normal, acid, basic, double; Preparation of salts (neutralisation, displacement, double decomposition, direct combination).

Detection of cations: NH₄⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺; Detection of anions: CO₃²⁻, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻; Action of heat on salts; Flame test colours for metal ions.

Avogadro’s number; Mole concept; Molar mass; Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes; Molar volume at STP; Percentage composition; Empirical and molecular formula; Stoichiometric calculations from balanced equations; Limiting reagent.

Electrolytes and non-electrolytes; Electrolysis of: water, dilute H₂SO₄, concentrated HCl, brine (NaCl solution); Preferential discharge theory; Electroplating; Electro-refining; Faraday’s first and second laws.

Occurrence of metals (ores and minerals); Reactivity series; Extraction of iron (blast furnace); Extraction of aluminium (Bayer’s process + electrolysis); Electrolytic refining; Alloys: composition and uses (brass, bronze, stainless steel); Corrosion: rusting and prevention.

Ammonia: laboratory preparation (NH₄Cl + Ca(OH)₂), Haber Process (conditions), physical and chemical properties, uses (fertilisers, refrigerants); Nitric Acid: laboratory preparation (Cu + conc. HNO₃), Ostwald Process (conditions), properties of dilute and concentrated HNO₃, uses.

Sulphuric Acid: Contact Process (conditions and stages), properties of dilute H₂SO₄ as an acid, properties of concentrated H₂SO₄ (dehydrating agent, oxidising agent), uses; Hydrogen Chloride: laboratory preparation, properties of HCl gas and hydrochloric acid, uses.

Introduction to organic compounds; Hydrocarbons: alkanes (methane, ethane), alkenes (ethene), alkynes (ethyne); Homologous series; IUPAC nomenclature; Substitution reactions (alkanes); Addition reactions (alkenes, alkynes); Isomerism (structural); Ethanol: preparation by fermentation and hydration, properties, uses, denatured spirit; Ethanoic acid: preparation, properties, uses.

Cell as the basic unit of life; Cell organelles and their functions: nucleus (chromatin, chromatid, centromere, gene), mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, vacuoles, lysosomes; Comparison of plant and animal cells; Cell cycle: G1, S, G2, M phases; Mitosis: stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and significance; Meiosis: significance as reduction division, role in reproduction and genetic variation; Differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Water uptake by root hair cells; Osmosis: definition, examples, significance; Diffusion; Active and passive transport; Root pressure; Imbibition; Ascent of sap: cohesion-tension theory; Importance of mineral salts for plant growth.

Types: stomatal, lenticular, cuticular; Mechanism of stomatal opening and closing (guard cells, potassium ion movement); Factors affecting transpiration: light, temperature, humidity, wind; Wilting and its causes; Potometer: use and principle; Significance of transpiration: cooling, water absorption pull, mineral transport; Experiments to demonstrate transpiration.

Definition and equation; Raw materials (CO₂, water) and energy source (light); Site: chloroplast (chlorophyll); Light reactions and dark reactions (Calvin cycle) — overview; Factors affecting rate: light intensity, CO₂ concentration, temperature, water; Experiments: starch test, variegated leaf, light-dependent photosynthesis, CO₂ requirement; Carbon cycle; Significance of photosynthesis for life on Earth.

Plant growth regulators: auxins (IAA) — role in phototropism and apical dominance; gibberellins — role in stem elongation and seed germination; cytokinins — role in cell division; abscisic acid (ABA) — role in dormancy and wilting; ethylene — role in fruit ripening; Tropic movements: phototropism, geotropism, thigmotropism, hydrotropism; Nastic movements; Practical applications of plant hormones (weedkillers, fruit ripening, tissue culture).

Human heart: chambers, valves, major blood vessels (aorta, pulmonary artery/vein, vena cava); Cardiac cycle (systole, diastole); Blood composition: plasma, RBCs (haemoglobin, lifespan), WBCs (types and functions), platelets; ABO blood groups and Rh factor; Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries — structure, function, differences; Double circulation (pulmonary and systemic); Lymphatic system: lymph, lymph nodes, role in immunity and fat absorption; Disorders: hypertension, coronary artery disease.

Excretory organs: kidneys, lungs, skin, liver; Kidney: external structure, longitudinal section (cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureter, renal artery and vein); Nephron: structure with diagram; Urine formation: ultrafiltration (glomerular filtration), selective reabsorption, tubular secretion; Normal and abnormal urine constituents; Dialysis (haemodialysis); Role of skin (sweat glands) and liver (bile pigments, urea synthesis) in excretion; Excretion in plants.

Neuron: structure (cell body, axon, dendrites, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, synaptic knobs); Types: sensory, motor, interneuron; Nerve impulse and synapse; Central nervous system: brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata) — functions; Spinal cord; Peripheral nervous system; Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic); Reflex action and reflex arc; Sense organs: eye — structure and function, defects (myopia, hypermetropia) and correction; ear — structure and function.

Endocrine glands and hormones: pituitary (GH, ADH, TSH, FSH, LH), thyroid (thyroxine), parathyroid (parathormone), adrenal (adrenaline, cortisol), pancreas (insulin and glucagon — blood sugar regulation), gonads (testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone); Feedback mechanism; Disorders: diabetes mellitus, goitre, dwarfism, gigantism, Addison’s disease.

Male reproductive system: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra; Spermatogenesis; Female reproductive system: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina; Oogenesis; Menstrual cycle (phases, hormonal control by FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone); Fertilisation and implantation; Development of embryo (blastocyst, gastrulation overview); Placenta: structure and functions; Parturition; Lactation; Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and prevention.

Mendel’s experiments with pea plants; Law of Dominance; Law of Segregation; Monohybrid cross using Punnett square; Dihybrid cross (concept); Phenotype and genotype; Dominant and recessive alleles; Incomplete dominance; Sex determination in humans (XX/XY); Sex-linked (X-linked) traits: haemophilia, colour blindness; Hereditary diseases: haemophilia, colour blindness, sickle-cell anaemia, Down’s syndrome; Mutation: definition and types.

Origin of life: chemical evolution, Miller-Urey experiment (overview); Evidences: fossil record, comparative anatomy (homologous and analogous organs), embryology; Lamarck’s theory of use and disuse; Darwin’s theory: natural selection, survival of the fittest, variation; Mutations in evolution; Speciation; Human evolution (brief overview).

Bacterial diseases: tuberculosis, cholera — pathogen, transmission, symptoms, prevention; Viral diseases: dengue, influenza, HIV/AIDS — transmission and prevention; Protozoan diseases: malaria, amoebic dysentery; Vaccination and immunisation; Tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse — physiological effects; Cancer: types, causes, treatment basics; Personal hygiene and community health.

Human population growth; Causes: decrease in death rate, high birth rate, improved healthcare; Consequences: food shortage, unemployment, pollution, resource depletion; Family planning methods: barrier (condoms), hormonal (pill), IUDs, surgical (tubectomy, vasectomy); Environmental issues: deforestation (causes, effects, conservation); Air pollution: smog, acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion; Water pollution: sewage, industrial effluents, eutrophication; Soil pollution: pesticides, plastic; Greenhouse effect; Biodiversity conservation; Sustainable development.

Composition of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha; Qualifications for membership; Term; Powers and functions; Speaker of Lok Sabha; Vice-President as Chairman of Rajya Sabha; Legislative procedure: ordinary and money bills; Joint sitting; Parliamentary sessions; Question Hour; No-confidence motion.

President: election process, qualifications, term, powers (executive, legislative, judicial, emergency); Vice-President: role and functions; Prime Minister: appointment, powers, relationship with Cabinet; Council of Ministers: Cabinet, Ministers of State; Collective responsibility; Attorney General.

Supreme Court: composition, appointment of judges, jurisdiction (original, appellate, advisory, writ); Judicial review; High Courts: composition and jurisdiction; Subordinate Courts; Independence of the Judiciary; Public Interest Litigation (PIL).

First War of Independence (1857); Growth of nationalism; Indian National Congress (1885) — formation and objectives; Moderates (Gokhale) and Extremists (Tilak, Lal-Bal-Pal); Partition of Bengal (1905) and Swadeshi Movement; Home Rule Movement; Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22); Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34); Quit India Movement (1942); Role of Subhas Chandra Bose and the INA; Transfer of Power and Partition (1947).

World War I (1914–18): causes (alliance system, nationalism, imperialism, militarism, immediate cause), major events, Treaty of Versailles; Rise of Fascism in Italy (Mussolini) and Nazism in Germany (Hitler); World War II (1939–45): causes, events, atomic bombs, consequences; United Nations Organisation: formation, structure, objectives, principal organs, role; Non-Aligned Movement: origin and India’s role.

Types: alluvial, black (regur), red and yellow, laterite, desert, mountain soils — formation, characteristics, distribution, crops; Soil erosion: causes and types; Soil conservation: terracing, contour bunding, windbreaks, crop rotation; Importance of soil conservation.

Types: tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous (teak, sal), tropical dry and scrub, montane, mangrove forests; Distribution across India; Economic importance; Social forestry; Conservation and afforestation; Impact of deforestation.

Metallic minerals: iron ore, copper, bauxite, manganese — distribution and uses; Non-metallic minerals: mica, limestone; Conventional energy: coal, petroleum, natural gas; Non-conventional energy: solar, wind, hydroelectric, biogas, tidal energy — importance and India’s potential.

Types of farming: subsistence, commercial, plantation; Kharif and Rabi crops; Food crops: rice, wheat, millets, pulses; Cash crops: cotton, jute, sugarcane, oilseeds; Plantation crops: tea, coffee, rubber; Green Revolution: impact and limitations; Organic farming; Challenges in Indian agriculture.

Classification of industries; Cotton textile (Mumbai–Ahmedabad belt, Coimbatore); Iron and steel (Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur); Petrochemicals; Software and IT industry (Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai); Factors of industrial location; Industrial pollution and control.