ICSE Class 10 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Weightage and PDF Download

Narrative, descriptive, argumentative, and expository essays. Topics drawn from everyday life, social issues, environment, and imagination. You must write in clear paragraphs with logical structure and flow.

Formal letters (complaints, enquiries, applications to editors or officials), informal/personal letters, email writing with subject line and body, formal reports, notice writing, and speech writing for school contexts.

Tenses and their correct usage; reported speech (direct to indirect); transformation of sentences (active/passive voice, degree of comparison, combining sentences); prepositions; articles; conjunctions; phrasal verbs; idioms; gap-filling and error-correction exercises.

Goods and Services Tax (GST): CGST, SGST, IGST; calculating tax on invoices; input tax credit. Banking: recurring deposit accounts — maturity value, interest calculation. Shares and Dividends: face value, market value, dividend, return on investment, brokerage calculations.

Linear Inequations in one variable — solution on a number line. Quadratic Equations: factorisation, completing the square, quadratic formula, nature of roots, word problems. Ratio and Proportion: componendo and dividendo, continued proportion. Factorisation of polynomials. Matrices: order, types, addition, subtraction, multiplication. Arithmetic Progression (AP): nth term, sum to n terms. Geometric Progression (GP): nth term, sum to n terms, geometric mean.

Reflection of a point in the x-axis, y-axis, origin, and line y = x. Distance formula and its applications. Section formula and midpoint formula. Equation of a straight line: slope-intercept form (y = mx + c), two-point form, point-slope form. Conditions for collinear points. Slope of parallel and perpendicular lines.

Similarity: conditions (AA, SAS, SSS), Basic Proportionality Theorem, areas of similar triangles, Pythagoras theorem and its converse. Locus: definition, standard loci (equidistant from two points, two lines), locus constructions. Circles: chord properties, arc-angle theorems, angles in a semicircle, tangent-radius relationship, tangent-secant theorems, alternate segment theorem. Constructions: circumscribing and inscribing circles in triangles; circumscribing a regular hexagon about a circle.

Curved surface area and total surface area of: cylinder, cone, sphere, and hemisphere. Volume of: cylinder, cone, sphere, hemisphere, hollow cylinder. Problems involving combination of two or three solids. Real-life application problems and unit conversions.

Trigonometric identities: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ, 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ, and all derived forms. Proving identities. Heights and Distances: angle of elevation, angle of depression. Problems involving one or two right-angled triangles with one or two towers or buildings.

Mean: direct method, assumed mean method, step-deviation method for grouped data. Median: ungrouped and grouped data. Mode: modal class, calculation. Histograms with uniform and non-uniform class intervals. Frequency polygons. Ogive (cumulative frequency curves): drawing and reading quartiles, median from ogive.

Random experiments; sample space; events (favourable, unfavourable). Probability of an event: P(E) = number of favourable outcomes ÷ total outcomes. Simple probability problems using coins, dice, cards, and coloured balls. Complementary events.

Turning effect of forces: moment of a force, principle of moments, centre of gravity, equilibrium of bodies. Simple machines: mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, efficiency. Levers (Class I, II, III) with examples. Pulley systems: single fixed, single movable, block and tackle. Inclined plane: MA and VR.

Work done by a constant force; work-energy theorem. Kinetic energy and potential energy formulae. Power: definition, formula, units (watt, kilowatt). Conservation of energy: inter-conversion of KE and PE. Energy sources: renewable (solar, wind, hydro) and non-renewable.

Refraction of light at a plane surface: laws, refractive index, Snell’s law, real and apparent depth. Total internal reflection: critical angle, conditions, applications (optical fibre, prism binoculars, periscope). Lenses: types (convex/concave), key terms (principal focus, focal length), ray diagrams, image characteristics, lens formula. Dispersion through prism: spectrum, recombination. The human eye: structure, accommodation, defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia) and corrective lenses.

Nature of sound: longitudinal waves, compressions and rarefactions. Characteristics: frequency, amplitude, pitch, loudness, quality (timbre). Vibrations: free, forced, resonance. Echo: conditions, applications (SONAR). Reverberation and its effects. Frequency ranges: infrasonic (<20 Hz), audible (20 Hz–20 kHz), ultrasonic (>20 kHz). Applications of ultrasound: medical imaging, cleaning, echolocation.

Ohm’s law; resistance in series and parallel circuits; resistivity; factors affecting resistance. Electric power (P = VI = I²R = V²/R) and electrical energy; household circuits, safety devices (fuse, MCB, earthing, insulation). Electromagnetism: magnetic field around a straight conductor and solenoid, electromagnet. Fleming’s left-hand rule; DC electric motor. Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law, Fleming’s right-hand rule. AC and DC; AC generator; transformer (step-up and step-down); transmission of electric power.

Specific heat capacity: definition, formula, calorimetry problems. Thermal capacity. Latent heat of fusion and vaporisation: definition, values for water/ice, related numericals. Radiation: absorption, emission, greenhouse effect, global warming. Temperature conversion: Celsius to Kelvin.

Radioactivity: alpha, beta, and gamma radiations — nature, properties, penetrating power. Radioactive decay, half-life (concept only). Nuclear fission and fusion: differences, energy release. Background radiation sources. Safety measures and hazards of radiation. Applications: nuclear power, carbon dating, medical uses.

Dobereiner’s triads; Newlands’ law of octaves; Mendeleev’s periodic table (merits and limitations). Modern periodic law; structure of the periodic table (periods and groups). Periodic properties and trends: atomic radius, ionisation energy, electronegativity, valency across periods and down groups. Alkali metals, halogens, noble gases.

Electrovalent (ionic) bonding: electron transfer, formation of ions, dot-cross diagrams for NaCl, MgO, CaCl₂. Covalent bonding: electron sharing, single/double/triple bonds, dot-cross diagrams for H₂, O₂, N₂, HCl, H₂O, CO₂, NH₃. Co-ordinate (dative) bond. Metallic bonding. Comparison of properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

Arrhenius theory of acids and bases. Properties of dilute acids and alkalis. pH scale: universal indicator, litmus, phenolphthalein. Preparation of salts: neutralisation, direct combination, displacement, double decomposition. Types of salts: normal, acidic, basic, double. Important salts and their uses (baking soda, washing soda, plaster of paris, bleaching powder).

Action of heat on metallic carbonates, hydroxides, and nitrates — balanced equations. Action of dilute H₂SO₄ and dilute HCl on metals and salts. Wet chemical tests to identify anions (carbonate, sulphate, halides, nitrate) and cations (ammonium, calcium, lead, copper, iron, zinc, aluminium). Gas evolution and colour change as indicators.

Atomic mass, molecular mass, formula mass. Avogadro’s number (6.022 × 10²³); mole; molar mass. Molar volume of gases at STP (22.4 L). Percentage composition of compounds. Empirical and molecular formulae. Stoichiometry: mole–mole and mass–mass calculations from balanced chemical equations.

Electrolytes vs non-electrolytes. Electrolysis of molten lead bromide; dilute sulphuric acid; dilute and concentrated hydrochloric acid; aqueous copper sulphate (with copper and platinum electrodes); brine (sodium chloride solution). Electrode reactions — discharge of ions at cathode and anode. Applications: electroplating, electrorefining of copper.

Occurrence of metals; ores vs minerals; gangue. Activity series of metals and its uses. Steps in extraction: concentration of ore, reduction (smelting, electrolytic reduction), refining. Extraction of aluminium from bauxite (Hall–Héroult process). Extraction of iron in a blast furnace. Alloys: brass, bronze, stainless steel — composition and uses.

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl): preparation from NaCl and H₂SO₄, properties (acidic nature, reaction with metals and bases), uses. Ammonia (NH₃): Haber’s process, lab preparation, properties, uses; ammonium salts. Nitric Acid (HNO₃): Ostwald’s process, properties as an oxidising agent, reactions with metals, uses. Sulphuric Acid (H₂SO₄): Contact process, properties as a dehydrating agent, reactions, industrial uses.

Introduction to organic chemistry; catenation; homologous series; functional groups. Hydrocarbons: nomenclature and structure of alkanes (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂), alkenes (CₙH₂ₙ), alkynes (CₙH₂ₙ₋₂). Methane: preparation, combustion. Ethylene: preparation, addition reactions. Acetylene: preparation and properties. Brief introduction to polymers: PVC, polythene, polyester, nylon.

Cell cycle phases (G₁, S, G₂, M). Mitosis: stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), significance. Meiosis: overview and importance in sexual reproduction. Structure of chromosomes, genes, and DNA. Watson–Crick double helix model. Key differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Absorption and conduction of water: osmosis, diffusion, plasmolysis, turgor, imbibition, root pressure, ascent of sap. Transpiration: stomatal, lenticular, cuticular; factors affecting transpiration; significance; stomatal mechanism. Photosynthesis: light and dark reactions; factors affecting photosynthesis; leaf adaptations; C₃ plants. Plant hormones (phytohormones): auxins (phototropism, apical dominance), gibberellins (elongation, germination), cytokinins (cell division), abscisic acid (dormancy), ethylene (fruit ripening).

Circulatory system: heart (structure, cardiac cycle, heart sounds), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood (components, functions, blood groups ABO and Rh, clotting). Excretory system: kidney structure, nephron (Bowman’s capsule, tubules), urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, secretion), osmoregulation. Nervous system: neurons (structure, types), brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla), spinal cord, reflex arc. Sense organs: eye (structure, image formation, defects — myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, colour blindness, cataract); ear (structure — outer, middle, inner; functions). Endocrine system: pituitary (master gland), thyroid (thyroxine), pancreas (insulin, glucagon), adrenal (adrenaline, cortisol), gonads. Reproductive system: male and female reproductive organs; menstrual cycle; fertilisation; implantation; placenta; multiple births.

Mendel’s laws: dominance, segregation, independent assortment. Monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross using Punnett squares. Incomplete dominance. Sex determination in humans (XX/XY). Sex-linked (X-linked) traits. Hereditary disorders: haemophilia, colour blindness (carrier concept), sickle-cell anaemia. Gene and chromosomal mutations; causes and effects.

Population growth: birth rate, death rate, age structure. Human population explosion: causes, effects, and concerns. Family planning: need and methods. Conservation of natural resources: forests (importance, deforestation, afforestation), soil (erosion and conservation), water (rivers, groundwater, rainwater harvesting), wildlife (sanctuaries, national parks).

Types: air pollution (causes, effects — smog, acid rain, ozone depletion), water pollution (sources, diseases linked to polluted water), soil pollution (agrochemicals, industrial waste), noise pollution, radioactive pollution. Greenhouse effect and global warming — causes, effects, mitigation. Sewage treatment (primary, secondary, tertiary). Biodegradable vs non-biodegradable waste; recycling and waste management.