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Impact of temperature determines a chain reaction of weather changes around the world. For example, increasing air temperature affects oceans, snow and ice, weather patterns, plants and animals, etc. Temperature determines whether a substance is hot or cold. It is measured in degrees Celsius, degrees Fahrenheit, and Kelvin using a Thermometer.
Also read: Celsius Scale
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Key Terms: Temperature, Kinetic Energy, Thermodynamics, Viscosity, Liquids, Resistance
What is Temperature?
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Temperature is a flow of energy that occurs when one body comes into contact with another that is colder or hotter. Thermal energy is inherent in all matter and is the cause of heat. A thermometer is a standard tool for measuring temperature. Celsius (C), Kelvin (K), and Fahrenheit (F) are three different temperature units.
Temperature is a variable that affects various processes and physical qualities. Increase or decrease in solubility of material as the temperature changes is one example of impact of temperature.
Temperature Time Diagram
Kinetic Energy
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Kinetic Energy of a material is generated from continuous movement of atoms. Heat added to an item raises its temperature, which increases its kinetic energy. This is why a stain spreads faster in hot water than it does in cold water. Since kinetic energy of distinct particles inside an item fluctuates, the number of particles present cannot be calculated. As a result, the temperature impact is equal to the sum of kinetic energy.
Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy
Read about: Rotational Kinetic Energy
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic principles state that heat transfer happens from a high-temperature zone to a low-temperature zone. As a result, coldness is a fallacy that simply refers to a lack of heat. The greater temperature's kinetic energy will lead to a modest volume expansion. This is known as thermal expansion, and it is the basis of thermometer operation.
Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics defines an isolated system called as thermal equilibrium. According to zeroth law, there is no net heat transfer between two objects in thermal equilibrium while they are in contact. Thus, they are at the same temperature. Zeroth law can also be stated as follows: if two items are both in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Also Read:
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| Chemical Reactions | Chemical Reactions Formula | Rate of a Chemical Reaction |
| Renewable Energy | Unit of Temperature | Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit |
Impact of Temperature?
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Impact of Temperature on Viscosity
Liquid and gas are the two types of fluids we are familiar with. In a liquid, molecules are close together, but in a gas, they are far apart.
Impact of Temperature on Viscosity: Liquids
Intermolecular distance in a liquid rises when it is heated. Liquids contain a lot of cohesive force between their molecules, which makes flow across a surface difficult. As temperature rises, the strength of cohesive forces weakens, lowering the resistance to flow in liquid. Viscosity is a barrier to liquid flow. Increasing the temperature reduces viscosity of liquids.
Understanding Impact of Temperature on Viscosity: Real Life Example
Vehicles provide a realistic illustration.
You may find it difficult to start your two-wheeler using self-start in the winter. Apply three to four kicks while keeping the choke pulled high.
Let's break it down: Engine sets when you apply kicks. When motorbike starts, keep it in a standing position until the oil in the vehicle melts. During the winter, oil thickens or solidifies, i.e., attains a higher viscosity. As temperature in the vehicle rises due to power provided by the kick, the oil thins (viscosity of the oil decreases), and the two-wheeler is ready to be driven now.
Impact of Temperature on Viscosity: Gases
When temperature of a gas rises, gas molecules collide with one another, resulting in an increase in resistance. It indicates that when the temperature rises, viscosity of gases increases.
Impact of Temperature on Viscosity: Liquid and Gases
Impact of Temperature: Internal Resistance
Kinetic energy of electrons increases as the temperature of the conductor rises, reducing relaxation time. When relaxation time shortens, following relationship emerges:
R = ml/ne^2Aτ
Where,
N = electron density
τ = relaxation time
l = length of the wire
m = mass of an electron
A = cross-sectional area
e = charge
Resistance of conductors changes as a result of the following factors: Temperature change Δt, internal resistance. From above, we can see that R ∝ 1/τ. As a result, as the temperature rises, conductor's resistance rises as well.
Also read: Electrical Current
Impact of Temperature: Rate of Reaction
Oxalic acid reaction with potassium permanganate in the presence of sulphuric acid:
To prepare a solution, dissolve 0.5 g of oxalic acid (C2H2O4) crystals in 20 ml of water in a beaker. Pour 5 mL of dilute H2SO4 into the solution, followed by a few drops of KMnO4 solution.
Solution changes colour to pink. Using a glass rod, stir the solution now. Solution remains pink after some time. Prepare the oxalic acid solution in the same manner as before, using the same proportions. Heat the solution to 60-80 degrees Celsius and then add a few drops of KMnO4 solution. The solution gets colourless when it is mixed.
The rate of reaction of C2H2O4 with KMnO4 rises as the solution heats up, and the colour fades.
Impact of Temperature: Weather and Climate
Earth is capable of sustaining a steady average temperature on its surface, allowing for the presence of warm, flowing water and life-friendly circumstances. The planet has been becoming warmer recently. Since the industrial revolution, the global temperature has been continuously rising. Our communities, health, and climate are all being impacted by global warming. The following are the effects of rising temperatures on us:
- Coastal flooding is more likely due to rising sea levels
- A longer wildfire season is expected.
- Heatwaves on a regular basis
- Extreme weather conditions
Impact of Temperature on Weather and Climate
Things to Remember
- The term "temperature" refers to a physical measurement that indicates how hot or cold something is.
- According to thermodynamic principles, heat is generally transferred from a high-temperature zone to a low-temperature zone.
- The viscosity of liquids reduces as the temperature rises.
- The viscosity of gases increases with the rising temperature.
- When the temperature rises, the conductor's resistance rises along with it.
- Many sorts of disasters on Earth, such as storms, heatwaves, floods, and droughts, are deteriorating as a result of rising temperatures.
Sample Questions
Ques. Discuss the effects of temperature on viscosity in liquids. (2 Marks)
Ans. When a liquid is heated, the intermolecular distance increases. As we all know, liquids have a lot of cohesive force between their molecules, making it difficult for them to move across the surface.
The strength of cohesive forces reduces as the temperature rises, lessening the barrier to flow in the liquid. We also know that viscosity acts as a negative factor in liquid movement. As the temperature rises, the viscosity of liquids decreases with it.
Ques. What is the impact of temperature on climate? (3 Marks)
Ans. The Earth has lately been warmer. The global temperature has been steadily increasing since the industrial revolution. Global warming has an influence on our communities, health, and climate. The impacts of increasing temperatures on us are as follows:
- Rising sea levels are making coastal flooding inevitable.
- The wildfire season is predicted to last longer.
- On a regular basis, there are heat waves.
- Weather conditions that are extreme
Ques. How does temperature affect internal resistance? (4 Marks)
Ans. As the temperature of the conductor rises, the kinetic energy of electrons increases, shortening the relaxation time.
The following relationship appears as the relaxing time decreases:
R = ml/ne^2Aτ
Where,
N = electron density
τ = relaxation time
l = length of the wire
m = mass of an electron
A = cross-sectional area
e = charge
The resistance of conductors changes as a result of the following factors: Temperature change Δt, internal resistance. From above, we can see that R ∝ 1/τ. As a result, as the temperature rises, the conductor's resistance rises as well.
Ques. Give an example of temperature dependency on reaction rate. (3 Marks)
Ans. In presence of sulphuric acid, oxalic acid interacts with potassium permanganate. In a beaker, dissolve 0.5 g of oxalic acid (C2H2O4) crystals in 20 ml of water to get a solution. Fill the solution with 5 mL of dilute H2SO4 and a few drops of KMnO4 solution.
Colour of the solution turns pink. Stir the solution with a glass rod now. After some time, the solution remains pink. The oxalic acid solution should be made in the same way as before, with the same amounts. Add a few drops of KMnO4 solution after heating the solution to 60-80 degrees Celsius. As you mix the solution, you observe that it becomes colourless.
Ques. What is the Impact of Temperature on the viscosity of fluids? (3 Marks)
Ans. When a liquid is heated, the intermolecular distance expands. Liquids have a lot of cohesive force between their molecules, making it difficult for them to flow across a surface. The strength of the cohesive forces reduces as the temperature rises, lessening the liquid's resistance to flow. We also know that viscosity is a fluid flow obstacle. The viscosity of liquids decreases as temperature rises.
When a gas's temperature rises, its molecules collide, increasing resistance. It shows that the viscosity of gases increases as the temperature rises.
Ques. What is Global Warming? (2 Marks)
Ans. Global warming is the long-term warming of Earth's climate system that has been seen from the pre-industrial period as a result of human activity, principally fossil fuel combustion, which raises heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere.
Human activities are thought to have elevated Earth's global average temperature by around 1 degree Celsius since the pre-industrial period, a rate that is now increasing about 0.2 degrees Celsius every decade. Climate, oceans, and land have all been warmed by human activity.
Ques. What is the zeroth Law of thermodynamics? (3 Marks)
Ans. The zeroth law of thermodynamics is defined as follows: When a body 'A' is in thermal equilibrium with another body 'b' and is also in thermal equilibrium with a body 'C' independently, then bodies 'B' and 'C' are in thermal equilibrium with each other. The rule is based on the measurement of temperature.
Temperature is considered a useful measurement since it predicts whether or not heat will transfer from one object to another. It doesn't matter how the items interact for this to be true. The radiation mechanism of heat transfer allows heat to pass between two things even if they are not physically in contact. The zeroth law of thermodynamics says that if a system is in thermal equilibrium, no heat flow occurs.
Ques. What is the relationship of kinetic energy with temperature? (3 Marks)
Ans. It is calculated that the kinetic energy of the molecules is K.E = 3/2*kT
Here, K.E = the average kinetic energy of the molecules,
k =the Boltzmann constant
T =the absolute temperature.
Therefore, K.E ∝T
As a result, the molecules' average kinetic energy is proportional to the absolute temperature.
The average kinetic energy of the molecules is 0 when the temperature is at absolute zero. The average kinetic energy of the molecules increases with an increase in absolute temperature.
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