Physics: Laws, Formulas, Derivations, Study Guides, Notes

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Physics is the science that deals with matter, energy and their interactions. Physics also studies the effect of these interactions over time and space. The presence of physics can be felt across multiple dimensions; at subatomic distances (microscopic), at the human scale across everyday life (macroscopic), and even beyond this world across space (extragalactic). Physicists work with the aim to develop a unified set of laws that govern matter, motion and energy at all these scales.

Table of Content

Physics Laws
Physics Formulas
Derivations in Physics
Physics Constants
Physics: Properties
Difference between articles
Relation Between articles
SI Units in Physics
Physics Guides
CBSE Study Guides

Why Should We Study Physics?

Physics is that branch of science that deals with studying the structure of matter. It is the interaction of the universe's fundamental particles at microscopic and macroscopic levels. The study of Physics helps one to understand the laws and rules that govern the physical world.

The study of Physics is constantly changing and evolving in keeping with the behemoth of discoveries being made in the modern world. With every new discovery, with changing theories, not only does the outcome change but the very question of where it all began also changes in the world of Physics.

Physics Laws

Check out Important Physics Laws:

Important Physics Laws
Inverse Square Law Formula	Archimedes Principle	Beer-Lambert Law
Law of Inertia	Brewster’s Law	Joule’s Law

Physics Formulas

Check out Important Physics Formulas:

Important Physics Formulas
Mirror Formula	Heat Formula	Electrical Formulas
Linear Momentum Formula	Radioactive Decay Formula	Fluid Pressure Formula
Refractive Index Formula	Sensible Heat Formula	Froude Number formula
Binding Energy Formula	Doppler Effect Formula	Critical Angle Formula
Resistivity Formula	Snells Law Formula	Screw Gauge Formula
Amplitude Formula	Latent Heat Formula	Heat Capacity Formula
Friction Force Formula	Tangential Acceleration Formula	Average Acceleration Formula
Work Formula	Wavelength Formula	Stress Formula
Banking of Road formula	Rest Mass of Electron Formula	Bohr Radius Formula
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid Formula	De Broglie Wavelength Formula	Radius of Gyration Formula

Physics Derivations

Check Important Physics Derivations:

Equation of Motion: Derivation	Centripetal Acceleration: Derivation	Derivation of Drift Velocity
Derivation of Escape Velocity	Derivation of Potential Energy	Derivation of Van der Waals Equation
Derivation Relation between Elastic Constants	Derivation of Biot Savart Law

Constants in Physics

Check Important Physics Constants:

Dielectric Constant	Value of G	Gas Constant
Faraday Constant	Value of R in Atm	Stefan Boltzmann Constant

Physics Properties

Check Important Physics Properties:

Magnetic Properties of Materials	Mechanical Properties of Solids	Thermal Properties of Matter
Mechanical Properties of Fluids	Properties of Fluids	Properties of Gases

Difference Between Articles

Read Physics Difference between Articles:

Difference between Mass and Weight	Difference between Distance and Displacement	Difference between Concave and Convex Mirror
Difference between Heat and Temperature	Difference between Resistance and Resistivity	Difference between LCD and LED
Difference between Stars and Planets	Difference between Diffraction and Interference	Difference between Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Difference between Real and Virtual Image	Difference between Reflection and Refraction	Difference between Ammeter and Voltmeter
Difference between Analog and Digital Signals	Difference between Voltage and Current	Difference between Force and Pressure
Difference between Gravitation and Gravity	Difference between Mirror and Lens	Difference between Watt and Volt
Difference between Alternator and Generator	Difference between AM and FM	Difference between Ammeter and Galvanometer
Difference between Work and Energy	Difference between Mass and Volume	Difference between Series and Parallel Circuits
Difference between AC and DC Generator	Difference between Centre of Gravity and Centroid	Difference between Kinetics and Kinematics
Difference between npn and pnp Transistor	Difference between Simple and Compound Microscope	Difference between Centripetal and Centrifugal Force
Difference between Land Breeze and Sea Breeze	Difference between AC and DC	Difference between Acceleration and Velocity
Difference between Diode and Rectifier	Difference between Scalar and Vector Quantities

Relation Between Article

Check Important Relation between Articles:

Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit	Relation between Kp and Kc	Relation between Phase Difference and Path Difference
Relation Between Critical Angle and Refractive Index	Relation between Torque and Moment of Inertia	Relation between Elastic Constants
Relation between G and g

SI Units in Physics

Check Important Physics SI Units:

Physics Guides

Check Important Physics Guides:

Light Sources	Path Length	Torque or Couple
Resistivity Temperature Dependence	X-Rays	Optics
Nucleon	What is Wave Function	Poles of Magnets
Biconvex Lens	Wave Speed

Chapter Wise Topics

Check the Important Chapter-wise topics listed below.

Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charge	Electric Charges and Fields	Electric Field
Gauss's Law	Electric Flux	Dipole in a Uniform External Field
Coulomb’s Law	Electric Dipole	Applications of Gauss’s Law

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance	Electrostatic Potential	Potential Due to a Point Charge
Potential due to an Electric Dipole	Equipotential Surfaces	Combination of Capacitors
Energy Stored in a Capacitor	Van de Graff Generator

Current Electricity

Current Electricity	Electric Current	Ohm’s Law and its Limitations	Combination of Resistors – Series and Parallel
Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance	Cells in Series and in Parallel	Kirchhoff’s Rules	Wheatstone Bridge
Meter Bridge	Potentiometer	Ampere	Unit of Voltage
Circuit Diagram

Moving Charges and Magnetism

Moving Charges and Magnetism	Magnetic Force and Magnetic Field	Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
Magnetic Field on Axis of Circular Current Loop	Magnetic Field	Gauss Rifle
Ampere’s Circuital Law	The Solenoid and the Toroid	The Moving Coil Galvanometer
Angular Momentum of Electron	Lorentz Force

Magnetism and Matter

Magnetism and Matter	The Bar Magnet	Magnetism and Gauss Law
Magnetic Properties of Materials	Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity	Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
Earth’s Magnetism	Magnetic Poles	Ferromagnetism

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction	Magnetic Flux	Faraday’s Law of Induction
Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study	Eddy Currents	Inductance
AC Generator	Lenz Law and Conservation of Energy	Uses of Inductor
Electromagnetism	Faraday Constant

Alternating Current

Alternating Current	AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor	AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor	AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit	LC Oscillations
Transformers	Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Waves	UV Light	Displacement Current
Electromagnetic Spectrum	Impedance of Free Space	X-Rays

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments	Refraction	Total Internal Reflection
Refraction at Spherical Surfaces	Refraction of Light Through Prism	Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
Dispersion Through Prism	Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors	Optical Instruments
Uses of Convex Mirror	Kaleidoscope	Optical Density
Snell’s Law	Optics	Concave Lens
Uses of Optical Fibre	Convex Mirror

Wave Optics

Wave Optics	Huygen’s Principle	Polarisation
Single Slit Diffraction	Wave Particle Duality	Braggs Law
Diffraction	Destructive Interference	Raman Scattering
Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves	Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter	Photoelectric Effect	Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
Davisson and Germer Experiment	Relativity	Effects of Radiation
Electron Emission	Particle Nature of Light: The Photon	Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation

Atoms

Atoms	Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom	Atomic Spectra
Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom	Magnetic Quantum Number	Particle Physics

Nuclei

Nuclei	Mass Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy	Nuclear Force	Radioactivity
Nuclear Energy	Nuclear Physics	Nucleon	Radioactive Decay

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Units and Measurements

Screw Gauge	Unit of Force	Unit of Acceleration
Unit of Density	Unit of Velocity	Unit of Momentum
Unit of Length	Unit of Speed	Unit of Time
Dimensional Analysis	Unit of Light	Uses of Vernier Calipers
Fundamental Forces in Nature	Measurement of Mass	Accuracy and Precision Difference
Branches of Physics

Motion in a Straight Line

Velocity	Distance and Displacement	Uniform Acceleration
Derivation of Equation and Motion	Relative Speed	difference between kinetics and kinematics
Kinematic Equations	Speed Time Graphs	Average Acceleration Formula
Motion in a Straight Line

Laws of Motion

Law of Inertia	Banking of Roads	Types of Friction
Impulse Units	Rolling Friction	Sliding Friction
Kinetic Friction	Pseudo Force	Motion in Physics
Centripetal and Centrifugal Force	Friction Force Formula	Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion	Frictional Force	Derivation of Centripetal Acceleration

Work, Power and Energy

Potential Energy	Pulley	Unit of Power
Elastic Collision	Unit of Work	Work Done
Types of Springs	Potential Energy Spring	Pulley System
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Torque	Angular Momentum	Unit of Moment of Inertia
Angular Speed	Rotational Kinetic Energy	Radial Acceleration
Relation Between Torque and Moment of Inertia	Moment of Force (Torque)	Moment of Inertia
Rolling Motion	Vector Product of Two Vectors	Unit of Torque
Angular Displacement

Gravitation

Neptune	Value of Gravitational Constant	Central Force
Value of g on Moon	Difference between Centre of Gravity and Centroid	Earth Satellites
Escape Speed	Gravitation	Gravitational Potential Energy
Weightlessness

Mechanical Properties of Solids

Stress	Shearing Stress	Poisson's Ratio
Relation between Elastic Constants	Bulk Modulus	Hooke’s Law
Mechanical Properties of Solids	Shear Modulus	Stress and Strain

Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Barometer	Unit of Pressure	Reynolds Number
Unit of Viscosity	Hydrostatic Pressure	Properties of Fluids
Fluid Pressure	Value of R in Atm	Pressure Formula
Bernoulli’s Principle	Hydraulic Machines	Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Pascal’s Law	Pressure	Stokes’ Law
Surface Energy	Surface Tension	Venturi-meter
Viscosity

Thermal Properties of Matter

Thermal Energy	Difference between Heat and Temperature	Unit of Temperature
Thermal Conductivity Unit	Uses of Thermometer	Coefficient of Linear Expansion
Heat Formula	Latent Heat Formula	Heat Capacity Formula
Blackbody Radiation	Calorimetry	Specific Heat Capacity
Change of State	Heat Transfer	Latent Heat
Thermal Expansion	Thermal Properties of Matter	Colorimeter

Thermodynamics

Joule Thomson Effect	Isobaric Process	Thermodynamics
Adiabatic Process	Isothermal Process	Heat Engines
Carnot Engine	Reversible and Irreversible Processes	Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Cyclic Process	Second Law of Thermodynamics

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Value of Boltzmann Constant	Stefan Boltzmann Constant	Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Gas Constant	Kinetic Theory	Pressure of an Ideal Gas
Properties of Gases

Oscillations and Waves

Oscillatory Motion	Wave Function	Amplitude Formula
Oscillations	Difference between Longitudinal and Transverse Wave	Beats
Longitudinal Waves	Frequency and Wavelength	Doppler Effect
Transverse Waves	Laplace Correction	Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Unit of Wavelength	Wave Speed	Waves

Electricity

Difference between Resistance and Resistivity	Difference between Ammeter and Galvanometer	Difference between Series and Parallel Circuits
Electric Power Formula	Electricity	Electricity Revision Notes
Electricity Formula	Electric Current and Circuit	OHM'S Law
Resistance	Resistivity	Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel	Unit of Conductivity	Unit of Electricity
Difference between Voltage and Current	Difference between Watts and Volts	Uses of Electricity

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

DC Motor	Types of Motors	DC Generator
Types of DC Motor	Difference between AC and DC Generator	Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Magnetic Field and Field Lines	Fleming’s Left Hand Rule	Electric Motor
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Revision Notes

Motion

Impending Motion	Unit of Distance	Equations of Motion
Distance Time Graph

Gravitation

Density of Water	Specific Gravity	Density of Air
Difference between Gravitation and Gravity	Difference between Mass and Volume	Global Positioning System

Work and Energy

Unit of Energy

Difference between Force and Pressure

Difference between Work and Energy

CBSE Study Guides

CBSE Class 12 Physics	CBSE Class 12 Physics Term I Sample Paper	CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
CBSE Class 12 Physics NCERT Text Book	CBSE Class 12 Physics Practicals	CBSE Class 10 Physics Syllabus

CBSE Class 12 Physics Previous Year Questions

Set I	Download Here
Set II	Download Here
Set III	Download Here
Set IV	Download Here
Set V	Download Here

Do Check Out:

Class 11 & 12 PCMB Study Guides
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics	NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English	Formulas in Physics
Topics for Comparison in Physics	Choice based questions in physics	Topics with relation in physics
Physics Study Notes	Class 12 Physics Book PDF	Class 12 Chemistry Practicals
Important Derivations in Physics	SI units in Physics	Important Physics Constants and Units
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths	NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry	NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology
Class 12 Chemistry Notes	Class 12 Biology Notes	Class 12 Maths Notes
Class 12 PCMB Notes	NCERT Class 12 Biology Book	NCERT Class 12 Maths Book
Chemistry MCQs	NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths	NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry	NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology	NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Book	NCERT Class 11 Physics Book	NCERT Class 11 Biology Book
Class 11 Notes	Important Maths Formulas	Important Chemistry Formulas
Class 11 PCMB Syllabus	Chemistry Study Notes	Biology Study Notes
Periodic Table in Chemistry	Important Chemical Reactions	Comparison topics in Chemistry
Comparison Topics in Maths	Comparison Topics in Biology	Important Named Reactions
Maths MCQs	Biology MCQs

Semiconductor Electronics	Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors	Intrinsic Semiconductor
Semiconductor Diode	Application of Junction Diode as Rectifier	Junction Transistor
P-n Junction	Digital Electronics and Logic Gates	Full Wave Rectifier
Integrated Circuits	Zener Diode	Uses of Zener Diode
Transistor	Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)	Photodiodes Applications
Types of Switches	Murphys Law	Extrinsic Semiconductor
Diodes	Rectifier	Bridge Rectifier

Units of Frequency	Unit of Magnetic Flux	Unit of Mass
Unit Vectors	Unit of Conductivity	Unit of Length
Unit of Speed	Unit of Temperature	Unit of Voltage
Unit of Work	Unit of Thermal Conductivity	Unit of Electric Flux
Unit of Torque	Unit of Wavelength	Impulse Units
Unit of Electric Charge	Unit of Moment of Inertia	Unit of Time
Unit of Distance	Unit of Electricity	Unit of Radioactivity
Unit of Specific Resistance	Unit of Vibration	Unit of Weight

Physics: Laws, Formulas, Derivations, Study Guides, Notes

Why Should We Study Physics?

Physics Laws

Physics Formulas

Physics Derivations

Constants in Physics

Physics Properties

Difference Between Articles

Relation Between Article

SI Units in Physics

Physics Guides

Chapter Wise Topics

Electric Charges and Fields

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Current Electricity

Moving Charges and Magnetism

Magnetism and Matter

Electromagnetic Induction

Alternating Current

Electromagnetic Waves

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Wave Optics

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Atoms

Nuclei

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Units and Measurements

Motion in a Straight Line

Laws of Motion

Work, Power and Energy

System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Gravitation

Mechanical Properties of Solids

Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Thermal Properties of Matter

Thermodynamics

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Oscillations and Waves

Electricity

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

Motion

Gravitation

Work and Energy

CBSE Study Guides

CBSE Class 12 Physics Previous Year Questions

CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions

1.Assertion (A) : All atoms have a net magnetic moment. Reason (R) : A current loop does not always behave as a magnetic dipole.

2. If Bohr’s quantization postulate (angular momentum \( = \frac{nh}{2\pi} \)) is a basic law of nature, it should be equally valid for the case of planetary motion also. Why, then, do we never speak of quantization of orbits of planets around the Sun? Explain.

3.Photoemission of electrons occurs from a metal (\( \phi_0 = 1.96 \, \text{eV} \)) when light of frequency \( 6.4 \times 10^{14} \, \text{Hz} \) is incident on it. Calculate: Energy of a photon in the incident light, The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, and The stopping potential.

4. If both the number of protons and the neutrons are conserved in each nuclear reaction, in what way is mass converted into energy (or vice versa) in a nuclear reaction? Explain.

5. Draw the number of scattered particles versus the scattering angle graph for scattering of alpha particles by a thin foil. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from this plot.

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1.
Assertion (A) : All atoms have a net magnetic moment. Reason (R) : A current loop does not always behave as a magnetic dipole.

2.
If Bohr’s quantization postulate (angular momentum \( = \frac{nh}{2\pi} \)) is a basic law of nature, it should be equally valid for the case of planetary motion also. Why, then, do we never speak of quantization of orbits of planets around the Sun? Explain.

3.
Photoemission of electrons occurs from a metal (\( \phi_0 = 1.96 \, \text{eV} \)) when light of frequency \( 6.4 \times 10^{14} \, \text{Hz} \) is incident on it. Calculate: Energy of a photon in the incident light, The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, and The stopping potential.

4.
If both the number of protons and the neutrons are conserved in each nuclear reaction, in what way is mass converted into energy (or vice versa) in a nuclear reaction? Explain.

5.
Draw the number of scattered particles versus the scattering angle graph for scattering of alpha particles by a thin foil. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from this plot.