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Physics: Laws, Formulas, Derivations, Study Guides, Notes

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Collegedunia Team

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Physics is the science that deals with matter, energy and their interactions. Physics also studies the effect of these interactions over time and space. The presence of physics can be felt across multiple dimensions; at subatomic distances (microscopic), at the human scale across everyday life (macroscopic), and even beyond this world across space (extragalactic). Physicists work with the aim to develop a unified set of laws that govern matter, motion and energy at all these scales. 

Table of Content

  1. Physics Laws
  2. Physics Formulas
  3. Derivations in Physics
  4. Physics Constants
  5. Physics: Properties
  6. Difference between articles
  7. Relation Between articles
  8. SI Units in Physics
  9. Physics Guides
  10. CBSE Study Guides

Why Should We Study Physics?

Physics is that branch of science that deals with studying the structure of matter. It is the interaction of the universe's fundamental particles at microscopic and macroscopic levels. The study of Physics helps one to understand the laws and rules that govern the physical world.

The study of Physics is constantly changing and evolving in keeping with the behemoth of discoveries being made in the modern world. With every new discovery, with changing theories, not only does the outcome change but the very question of where it all began also changes in the world of Physics. 

Physics Laws

Check out Important Physics Laws:
Important Physics Laws
Inverse Square Law Formula Archimedes Principle Beer-Lambert Law
Law of Inertia Brewster’s Law Joule’s Law

Physics Formulas

Check out Important Physics Formulas:
Important Physics Formulas
Mirror Formula Heat Formula Electrical Formulas
Linear Momentum Formula Radioactive Decay Formula Fluid Pressure Formula
Refractive Index Formula Sensible Heat Formula Froude Number formula
Binding Energy Formula Doppler Effect Formula Critical Angle Formula
Resistivity Formula Snells Law Formula Screw Gauge Formula
Amplitude Formula Latent Heat Formula Heat Capacity Formula
Friction Force Formula Tangential Acceleration Formula Average Acceleration Formula
Work Formula Wavelength Formula Stress Formula
Banking of Road formula Rest Mass of Electron Formula Bohr Radius Formula
Magnetic Field in a Solenoid Formula De Broglie Wavelength Formula Radius of Gyration Formula

Physics Derivations

Check Important Physics Derivations:

Equation of Motion: Derivation Centripetal Acceleration: Derivation Derivation of Drift Velocity
Derivation of Escape Velocity Derivation of Potential Energy Derivation of Van der Waals Equation
Derivation Relation between Elastic Constants Derivation of Biot Savart Law

Constants in Physics

Check Important Physics Constants:

Dielectric Constant Value of G Gas Constant
Faraday Constant Value of R in Atm Stefan Boltzmann Constant

Physics Properties

Check Important Physics Properties:

Magnetic Properties of Materials Mechanical Properties of Solids Thermal Properties of Matter
Mechanical Properties of Fluids Properties of Fluids Properties of Gases

Difference Between Articles

Read Physics Difference between Articles:

Difference between Mass and Weight Difference between Distance and Displacement Difference between Concave and Convex Mirror
Difference between Heat and Temperature Difference between Resistance and Resistivity Difference between LCD and LED
Difference between Stars and Planets  Difference between Diffraction and Interference Difference between Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Difference between Real and Virtual Image Difference between Reflection and Refraction Difference between Ammeter and Voltmeter
Difference between Analog and Digital Signals Difference between Voltage and Current Difference between Force and Pressure
Difference between Gravitation and Gravity Difference between Mirror and Lens Difference between Watt and Volt
Difference between Alternator and Generator Difference between AM and FM Difference between Ammeter and Galvanometer
Difference between Work and Energy Difference between Mass and Volume Difference between Series and Parallel Circuits
Difference between AC and DC Generator Difference between Centre of Gravity and Centroid Difference between Kinetics and Kinematics
Difference between npn and pnp Transistor Difference between Simple and Compound Microscope Difference between Centripetal and Centrifugal Force
Difference between Land Breeze and Sea Breeze Difference between AC and DC Difference between Acceleration and Velocity
Difference between Diode and Rectifier Difference between Scalar and Vector Quantities

Relation Between Article

Check Important Relation between Articles:

Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit Relation between Kp and Kc Relation between Phase Difference and Path Difference
Relation Between Critical Angle and Refractive Index Relation between Torque and Moment of Inertia Relation between Elastic Constants
Relation between G and g

SI Units in Physics

Check Important Physics SI Units:

Units of Frequency Unit of Magnetic Flux Unit of Mass
Unit Vectors Unit of Conductivity Unit of Length
Unit of Speed Unit of Temperature Unit of Voltage
Unit of Work Unit of Thermal Conductivity Unit of Electric Flux
Unit of Torque Unit of Wavelength Impulse Units
Unit of Electric Charge Unit of Moment of Inertia Unit of Time
Unit of Distance Unit of Electricity Unit of Radioactivity
Unit of Specific Resistance Unit of Vibration Unit of Weight

Physics Guides

Check Important Physics Guides:

Light Sources Path Length Torque or Couple
Resistivity Temperature Dependence  X-Rays Optics
Nucleon What is Wave Function Poles of Magnets
Biconvex Lens Wave Speed

Chapter Wise Topics

Check the Important Chapter-wise topics listed below.

Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charge Electric Charges and Fields Electric Field
Gauss's Law Electric Flux Dipole in a Uniform External Field
Coulomb’s Law Electric Dipole Applications of Gauss’s Law

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Electrostatic Potential Potential Due to a Point Charge
Potential due to an Electric Dipole Equipotential Surfaces Combination of Capacitors
Energy Stored in a Capacitor Van de Graff Generator

Current Electricity

Current Electricity Electric Current Ohm’s Law and its Limitations Combination of Resistors – Series and Parallel
Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance Cells in Series and in Parallel Kirchhoff’s Rules Wheatstone Bridge
Meter Bridge Potentiometer Ampere Unit of Voltage
Circuit Diagram

Moving Charges and Magnetism

Moving Charges and Magnetism Magnetic Force and Magnetic Field Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
Magnetic Field on Axis of Circular Current Loop Magnetic Field Gauss Rifle
Ampere’s Circuital Law The Solenoid and the Toroid The Moving Coil Galvanometer
Angular Momentum of Electron Lorentz Force

Magnetism and Matter

Magnetism and Matter The Bar Magnet Magnetism and Gauss Law
Magnetic Properties of Materials Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
Earth’s Magnetism Magnetic Poles Ferromagnetism

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law of Induction
Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study Eddy Currents Inductance
AC Generator Lenz Law and Conservation of Energy Uses of Inductor
Electromagnetism Faraday Constant

Alternating Current

Alternating Current AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit LC Oscillations
Transformers Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Waves UV Light Displacement Current
Electromagnetic Spectrum Impedance of Free Space X-Rays

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Refraction Total Internal Reflection
Refraction at Spherical Surfaces Refraction of Light Through Prism Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
Dispersion Through Prism Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors Optical Instruments 
Uses of Convex Mirror Kaleidoscope Optical Density
Snell’s Law Optics Concave Lens
Uses of Optical Fibre Convex Mirror

Wave Optics

Wave Optics Huygen’s Principle Polarisation
Single Slit Diffraction Wave Particle Duality Braggs Law
Diffraction Destructive Interference Raman Scattering
Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Photoelectric Effect Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
Davisson and Germer Experiment Relativity Effects of Radiation
Electron Emission Particle Nature of Light: The Photon Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation

Atoms

Atoms Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom Atomic Spectra
Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom Magnetic Quantum Number Particle Physics

Nuclei

Nuclei Mass Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclear Force Radioactivity
Nuclear Energy Nuclear Physics Nucleon Radioactive Decay

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Semiconductor Electronics Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors Intrinsic Semiconductor
Semiconductor Diode Application of Junction Diode as Rectifier Junction Transistor
P-n Junction Digital Electronics and Logic Gates Full Wave Rectifier
Integrated Circuits Zener Diode Uses of Zener Diode
Transistor Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) Photodiodes Applications
Types of Switches Murphys Law Extrinsic Semiconductor
Diodes Rectifier Bridge Rectifier

Units and Measurements

Screw Gauge Unit of Force Unit of Acceleration
Unit of Density Unit of Velocity Unit of Momentum
Unit of Length Unit of Speed Unit of Time
Dimensional Analysis Unit of Light Uses of Vernier Calipers
Fundamental Forces in Nature Measurement of Mass Accuracy and Precision Difference
Branches of Physics

Motion in a Straight Line

Velocity Distance and Displacement Uniform Acceleration 
Derivation of Equation and Motion Relative Speed difference between kinetics and kinematics
Kinematic Equations Speed Time Graphs Average Acceleration Formula
Motion in a Straight Line

Laws of Motion

Law of Inertia Banking of Roads Types of Friction
Impulse Units Rolling Friction Sliding Friction
Kinetic Friction Pseudo Force Motion in Physics
Centripetal and Centrifugal Force Friction Force Formula Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion Frictional Force Derivation of Centripetal Acceleration

Work, Power and Energy

Potential Energy Pulley Unit of Power
Elastic Collision Unit of Work Work Done
Types of Springs Potential Energy Spring Pulley System
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Torque Angular Momentum Unit of Moment of Inertia
Angular Speed Rotational Kinetic Energy Radial Acceleration
Relation Between Torque and Moment of Inertia Moment of Force (Torque) Moment of Inertia
Rolling Motion Vector Product of Two Vectors Unit of Torque
Angular Displacement

Gravitation

Neptune Value of Gravitational Constant Central Force
Value of g on Moon Difference between Centre of Gravity and Centroid Earth Satellites
Escape Speed Gravitation Gravitational Potential Energy
Weightlessness

Mechanical Properties of Solids

Stress Shearing Stress Poisson's Ratio
Relation between Elastic Constants Bulk Modulus Hooke’s Law
Mechanical Properties of Solids Shear Modulus Stress and Strain

Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Barometer Unit of Pressure Reynolds Number
Unit of Viscosity Hydrostatic Pressure Properties of Fluids
Fluid Pressure Value of R in Atm Pressure Formula
Bernoulli’s Principle Hydraulic Machines Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Pascal’s Law Pressure Stokes’ Law
Surface Energy Surface Tension Venturi-meter
Viscosity

Thermal Properties of Matter

Thermal Energy Difference between Heat and Temperature Unit of Temperature
Thermal Conductivity Unit Uses of Thermometer Coefficient of Linear Expansion
Heat Formula Latent Heat Formula Heat Capacity Formula
Blackbody Radiation Calorimetry Specific Heat Capacity
Change of State Heat Transfer Latent Heat
Thermal Expansion Thermal Properties of Matter Colorimeter

Thermodynamics

Joule Thomson Effect Isobaric Process Thermodynamics
Adiabatic Process Isothermal Process Heat Engines
Carnot Engine Reversible and Irreversible Processes Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Cyclic Process Second Law of Thermodynamics

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Value of Boltzmann Constant Stefan Boltzmann Constant Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Gas Constant Kinetic Theory Pressure of an Ideal Gas
Properties of Gases

Oscillations and Waves

Oscillatory Motion Wave Function Amplitude Formula
Oscillations Difference between Longitudinal and Transverse Wave Beats
Longitudinal Waves Frequency and Wavelength Doppler Effect
Transverse Waves Laplace Correction Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Unit of Wavelength Wave Speed Waves

Electricity

Difference between Resistance and Resistivity Difference between Ammeter and Galvanometer Difference between Series and Parallel Circuits
Electric Power Formula Electricity Electricity Revision Notes
Electricity Formula Electric Current and Circuit OHM'S Law
Resistance Resistivity Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel Unit of Conductivity Unit of Electricity
Difference between Voltage and Current Difference between Watts and Volts Uses of Electricity

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

DC Motor Types of Motors DC Generator
Types of DC Motor Difference between AC and DC Generator Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Magnetic Field and Field Lines Fleming’s Left Hand Rule Electric Motor
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Revision Notes

Motion

Impending Motion Unit of Distance Equations of Motion
Distance Time Graph

Gravitation

Density of Water Specific Gravity Density of Air
Difference between Gravitation and Gravity Difference between Mass and Volume Global Positioning System

Work and Energy

Unit of Energy Difference between Force and Pressure Difference between Work and Energy

CBSE Study Guides

CBSE Class 12 Physics CBSE Class 12 Physics Term I Sample Paper CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
CBSE Class 12 Physics NCERT Text Book CBSE Class 12 Physics Practicals CBSE Class 10 Physics Syllabus

CBSE Class 12 Physics Previous Year Questions

Set I Download Here
Set II Download Here
Set III Download Here
Set IV Download Here
Set V Download Here

Do Check Out:

Class 11 & 12 PCMB Study Guides
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Formulas in Physics
Topics for Comparison in Physics Choice based questions in physics Topics with relation in physics
Physics Study Notes Class 12 Physics Book PDF Class 12 Chemistry Practicals
Important Derivations in Physics SI units in Physics Important Physics Constants and Units
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology
Class 12 Chemistry Notes Class 12 Biology Notes Class 12 Maths Notes
Class 12 PCMB Notes NCERT Class 12 Biology Book NCERT Class 12 Maths Book
Chemistry MCQs NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Book NCERT Class 11 Physics Book NCERT Class 11 Biology Book
Class 11 Notes Important Maths Formulas Important Chemistry Formulas
Class 11 PCMB Syllabus Chemistry Study Notes Biology Study Notes
Periodic Table in Chemistry Important Chemical Reactions Comparison topics in Chemistry
Comparison Topics in Maths Comparison Topics in Biology Important Named Reactions
Maths MCQs Biology MCQs

CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions

  • 1.
    This ‘average velocity’ is found be few mm/s for currents in range of a few amperes. How then is current established almost the instant a circuit is closed ?

        View Solution

      • 2.
        An electric field $\vec{E}$ is established across the ends of a cylindrical conductor of length L and area of cross-section A. Discuss how electrons attain an average velocity, independent of time. Hence, obtain a relation between current in the conductor and this ‘average velocity’ of electrons.

            View Solution

          • 3.
            The resistance of a metal wire at \( 20^\circ \text{C} \) is \( 1.05 \, \Omega \) and at \( 100^\circ \text{C} \) is \( 1.38 \, \Omega \). Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of this metal.

                View Solution

              • 4.
                Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and plate separation d with air present between the plates.

                    View Solution

                  • 5.
                    Write two advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope.

                        View Solution

                      • 6.
                        Capacitors are manufactured with certain standard capacitances and working voltages. However, these standard values may not be the ones that are actually needed in a particular application. Two or more capacitors can be grouped in series or in parallel to achieve desired capacitance and voltage. When connected in series, the total capacitance decreases while the voltage rating increases, whereas in parallel connections, the total capacitance increases and maintains the same voltage rating. A capacitor stores energy in the electric field between its plates and stored energy is proportional to the square of the voltage and capacitance $U = \frac{1}{2}CV^2$, where symbols have their usual meanings.
                        Two capacitors, one of $3 \ \mu$F and the other of $6 \ \mu$F, are connected in series in the circuit as shown in the figure, for a long time. }

                          View All
                          CBSE CLASS XII Previous Year Papers
                          Physics Preparation Guides
                          Physics Formulas: Notes and Examples
                          Physics Derivations: Detailed Derivation of Physics Formulas
                          Differences & Comparisons Articles in Physics
                          Relation between Articles in Physics
                          Important Formulas: Maths, Physics & Chemistry
                          Physics MCQs: Answers With Explanations
                          Physics NCERT Solutions
                          Physics Constants: List And Nature Of Physics Constants
                          NCERT Solutions for Class 6 to 12: Download Free NCERT Solutions PDFs

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