Hypothesis Questions

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Very Short Answers Questions [1 Mark Questions]

Ques. A statement made about a population for testing purposes is called

1. Level of Significance
2. Statistic
3. Hypothesis
4. Test-Statistic

Ans. The correct answer is c. Hypothesis

Explanation: A hypothesis in general is a statement created about a population. It is then tested and, if it is true then accepted, otherwise rejected if false.

Ques. If the assumed hypothesis is tested for rejection considering it to be true is called

1. Statistical Hypothesis
2. Null Hypothesis
3. Composite Hypothesis
4. Simple Hypothesis

Ans. The correct answer is b. Null Hypothesis

Explanation: If the assumed hypothesis is tested for rejection, it is referred to as the Null Hypothesis. It gives the population parameter's value.

Ques. A statement whose validity is tested on the basis of a sample is called

1. Composite Hypothesis
2. Null Hypothesis
3. Simple Hypothesis
4. Statistical Hypothesis

Ans. The correct answer is d. Statistical Hypothesis

Explanation: A statistical hypothesis is a statement whose validity is determined on the basis of a sample in hypothesis testing. Its validity is evaluated in relation to a sample.

Ques. The rejection probability of the Null Hypothesis when it is true is called as

1. Level of Significance
2. Level of Rejection
3. Level of Margin
4. Level of Confidence

Ans. The correct answer is a. Level of Significance

Explanation: The probability of rejecting a True Null Hypothesis is denoted as the Level of Significance. A Null Hypothesis is rejected if its probability is less than this.

Ques. Which of the following is defined as the rule or formula to test a Null Hypothesis?

1. Population statistic
2. Variance statistic
3. Test statistic
4. Null statistic

Ans. The correct answer is c. Test statistic

Explanation: A test statistic acts as the foundation for testing a Null Hypothesis. A test statistic is a random variable derived from sample data that is used in a hypothesis test.

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Short Answers Questions [2 Marks Questions]

Ques. What is a hypothesis?

Ans. In a scientific context, a hypothesis (plural: hypotheses) is a tested statement concerning the relationship between two or more variables or a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon. The hypothesis in a scientific experiment or study is a brief account of the researcher's projections of the study's findings, which may or may not be validated by the conclusion. The scientific process is built around hypothesis testing.

Ques. What is a Theory?

Ans. A theory is a principle created in an attempt to explain facts that have previously been supported by data. It appears in thein the names of a number of principles accepted in the scientific community, including the Big Bang Theory. Because of the rigors of research and control, it has a considerably higher possibility of being true than a hypothesis.

Ques. Give the fundamental types of hypotheses.

Ans. There are six fundamental types of hypotheses. These are

• Complex hypothesis
• Simple hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Directional hypothesis
• Non-directional hypothesis
• Associative and causal hypothesis

Ques. What is meant by a directional hypothesis?

Ans. A directional hypothesis is a researcher's conceptual assumption about a negative or positive change, difference, or link between two variables in a population. The prediction is often based on past study, substantial experience, or established theory. The relationship between variables can also predict their qualities. A middle-aged guy, for example, who exercises every day over time has a considerably reduced risk of cardiac arrest than a man who does not exercise at all.

Ques. What is meant by a non-directional hypothesis?

Ans. It is created when there is no existing theory. Most of the time, it is a statement stating that a relationship exists between two variables without assuming the particular characteristics (direction) of the underlying connection.

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Long Answers Questions [3 Marks Questions]

Ques. What are the main outcomes of a valid hypothesis?

Ans. Any valid hypothesis will allow us to make predictions using inductive or deductive reasoning. 

• In some cases, it could predict the outcome of a laboratory test or the likelihood of observing a natural occurrence in the Universe. 
• The prediction may generate statistics that indicate more expanded probability or patterns. 
• The scientific approach includes experiments that validate the hypothesis in order to sufficiently clarify the causes under investigation.

Ques. What are the characteristics of the hypothesis?

Ans. The following are the characteristics of the hypothesis

• The relationship between two variables is stated through a relational hypothesis. 
• The scope of the hypothesis has been limited to make it easier for researchers to conduct their research. It should also be noted that the hypothesis' relevance is not correlated with how easy it is to formulate.
• Statements of the hypothesis should be consistent and derived from the majority of known facts. That is to say, it should be the kind of statement that is most likely to happen.
• The hypothesis should be stated in a precise and clear statement with a scope that allows for additional testing.
• The relationship between the variables is stated through a relational hypothesis.

Ques. What is a working hypothesis?

Ans. A working hypothesis is a form of hypothesis that is scientifically accepted as a foundation for additional investigation in the hope of generating an appropriate theory, even if the hypothesis eventually fails. 

• A working hypothesis, like other hypotheses, is generated as a statement of assumptions that may be linked to the investigation's goal in empirical analysis. 
• In qualitative research, they are frequently used as an abstract foundation.

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Very Long Answers Questions [5 Marks Questions]

Ques. What are the main steps to developing a scientific theory?

Ans. The steps taken for developing a scientific hypothesis are listed below

• Select and define the natural phenomenon for which you need to figure out and describe it. Examine the cause of the phenomenon and analyze observations to gather information about it. In a controlled setting (usually a laboratory), we may also simulate or conduct an experiment to reproduce this event without influence from outside factors.
• Analyze the data to look for recurring patterns after adequate data extraction. Try to create a temporary explanation (hypothesis) for these recurrent patterns.
• Test the hypothesis by gathering more data to see if it holds true and displays the likely trend. If the evidence does not support the hypothesis, it must be changed or replaced with a more appropriate one. We must avoid "cherry-picking"—the practice of ignoring evidence that contradicts the hypothesis in favor of only the data that supports it—while collecting the data. Pseudoscientists regularly abuse this to defraud those who are unfamiliar with scientific methods.
• A specific hypothesis is regarded as a valid theory if it holds up under investigation and provides the best reasonable explanation for the phenomena. If there are enough pieces of evidence to refute a hypothesis sufficiently, it may be modified or rejected. Therefore, a hypothesis is not an eternal or unchanging fact.

Ques. What is the difference between Hypothesis and Theory?

Ans. The differences between Hypotheses and Theory are

Ques. What are the main criteria for formulating a legitimate hypothesis?

Ans. During the formation of a hypothesis, the researcher must not have an absolute prejudice about the likely outcome of the test or experiment. 

• It should be kept within the scope of the investigation. 
• The experiment or examination is the sole thing that increases the likelihood of getting a correct, true side of the hypothesis. 
• If the investigator already knows the outcome, it is merely regarded as a "consequence" (the investigator should have taken this into account when developing the hypothesis). 
• If the researcher is unable to verify the predictions by experience or observation, the hypothesis must be tested by other trained investigators who provide observations.

Investigators investigating alternate ideas should consider the following:

• Testability
• Parsimony: The creation of an infinite number of entities.
• Scope: The hypothesis's apparent relevance to several circumstances of the phenomenon.
• Fruitfulness: The possibility that a hypothesis may help in the future explanation of occurrences
• Conservatism: Compatibility with established knowledge systems.

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