CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Topics, Marking Scheme and PDF Download

Electric charges; conservation of charge; Coulomb’s law; electric field; electric field lines; electric flux; Gauss’s theorem and its applications; electrostatic potential; equipotential surfaces; conductors and insulators; polarisation; capacitors; combination of capacitors; energy stored in capacitors.

Electric current; flow of electric charges; drift velocity; Ohm’s law; V–I characteristics; electrical resistance; colour coding; temperature dependence; internal resistance; Kirchhoff’s laws; Wheatstone bridge; metre bridge; potentiometer — principle and its applications.

Biot–Savart law; Ampere’s law; solenoid and toroid; moving coil galvanometer; cyclotron; bar magnet; magnetic field intensity; earth’s magnetic field; magnetic susceptibility and permeability; diamagnetics; paramagnetics; ferromagnetics; permanent magnets; electromagnets.

Faraday’s laws; Lenz’s law; self and mutual induction; AC generator; peak and RMS values; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations; resonance; power in AC circuits; power factor; wattless current; transformers.

Displacement current; electromagnetic waves; characteristics; transverse nature; electromagnetic spectrum — radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays; uses and applications of each.

Reflection and refraction; total internal reflection; optical fibres; lenses; mirror and lens formulae; power of lens; dispersion by prism; scattering of light; microscope; astronomical telescope; wavefront; Huygens’s principle; interference — Young’s double slit experiment; diffraction; polarisation; Brewster’s law; Malus’s law.

Photoelectric effect; Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; particle nature of light; matter waves; wave nature of particles; de Broglie relation; Davisson–Germer experiment.

Alpha-particle scattering; Rutherford’s model; Bohr model; energy levels; hydrogen spectrum; composition and size of nucleus; nuclear force; mass-energy; binding energy per nucleon; nuclear fission and fusion; radioactivity; radioactive decay law; half-life and mean life.

Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors, and insulators; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; p-n junction diode; I-V characteristics; diode as rectifier; LED, photodiode, solar cell, Zener diode; transistor (n-p-n and p-n-p) as amplifier and switch; logic gates — NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR.

Types of solutions; expression of concentration; solubility of gases; vapour pressure; Raoult’s law; colligative properties; relative lowering of vapour pressure; elevation of boiling point; depression of freezing point; osmotic pressure; Van’t Hoff factor; abnormal molar masses.

Redox reactions; electrolytic and metallic conduction; conductance in electrolytic solutions; Kohlrausch’s law; electrolysis; Faraday’s laws; EMF of a cell; standard electrode potential; Nernst equation; equilibrium constant from Nernst equation; fuel cells; corrosion.

Rate of reaction; factors affecting rate; order and molecularity; integrated rate equations; half-life; pseudo first-order reactions; temperature dependence of rate; activation energy; Arrhenius equation; collision theory of chemical reactions.

Transition metals — general properties and trends; magnetic properties; formation of coloured ions; interstitial compounds; alloy formation; preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄; lanthanoids — electronic configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction; actinoids.

Werner’s theory; ligands; coordination number; IUPAC nomenclature; isomerism — structural and stereo; valence bond theory (VBT); crystal field theory (CFT); colour, magnetic properties, and stability of complexes; organometallic compounds.

Nomenclature; nature of C–X bond; physical properties; chemical reactions; SN1 and SN2 reactions; optical rotation; haloarenes — electrophilic substitution; uses and environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds (DDT, freons).

Classification; IUPAC nomenclature; preparation; physical and chemical properties; mechanism of dehydration; phenol reactions — acidic nature, electrophilic substitution; preparation and reactions of ethers.

Nomenclature; nature of carbonyl group; nucleophilic addition; oxidation and reduction; Cannizzaro reaction; aldol condensation; carboxylic acids — nomenclature, acidity, reactions with metals and bases; derivatives of carboxylic acids.

Classification; structure; nomenclature; preparation methods; physical properties; chemical reactions; basicity comparison; diazonium salts — preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Carbohydrates — classification, mono and polysaccharides; proteins — amino acids, peptide bond, structure levels, denaturation; vitamins — classification and functions; nucleic acids — structure of DNA and RNA; biological functions of nucleic acids.

Types of relations; composite functions; inverse of a function; binary operations; inverse trigonometric functions — definition, range, domain, principal value branches; graphs; properties of inverse trigonometric functions.

Matrices — concept, types, operations, transpose, symmetric and skew-symmetric, invertible matrices; elementary row and column transformations; determinants — properties, cofactors, adjoint, applications — area of triangle, system of equations using Cramer’s rule and matrix method.

Continuity and differentiability; chain rule; implicit differentiation; logarithmic differentiation; second-order derivatives; Rolle’s theorem; mean value theorem; increasing and decreasing functions; tangents and normals; maxima and minima; integration as inverse of differentiation; methods of integration; definite integrals; area under simple curves; differential equations — order, degree, general and particular solutions; variable separable; homogeneous; linear differential equations.

Vectors — types, addition, position vector; dot product; cross product; scalar triple product; direction cosines and ratios; equation of a line in 3D; angle between two lines; shortest distance between skew lines; plane — equation, angle between two planes; coplanarity of two lines; distance of a point from a plane.

Introduction; mathematical formulation of LPP; graphical method; feasible region; corner point method; optimal solution; different types of LPP — diet problem, manufacturing problem, transportation problem.

Conditional probability; multiplication theorem on probability; independent events; total probability; Bayes’ theorem; random variable and probability distribution; binomial distribution — mean and variance.

Reproduction in organisms; sexual reproduction in flowering plants — pollination, fertilisation, seed and fruit development; human reproduction — gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, pregnancy, parturition; reproductive health — birth control, STDs, infertility.

Mendel’s laws; inheritance patterns; sex determination; mutation; chromosomal disorders; DNA structure and replication; transcription; translation; gene regulation — lac operon; human genome project; DNA fingerprinting; Darwin’s theory; natural selection; Hardy–Weinberg principle; evidences for evolution.

Human health and disease — pathogens, immunity, vaccination, cancer, AIDS, alcohol and drug abuse; food production — plant breeding, single cell protein, tissue culture; microbes in human welfare — biogas production, sewage treatment, antibiotics, biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

Principles of biotechnology; tools of recombinant DNA technology; PCR; gel electrophoresis; transgenic organisms and GMOs; applications in medicine — genetically engineered insulin, gene therapy; applications in agriculture — Bt cotton, Golden Rice; ethical issues in biotechnology.

Organisms and populations — population attributes, growth models, age pyramids, interspecific interactions; ecosystem — food chains and webs, energy flow, nutrient cycling, productivity; biodiversity — types, importance, loss; conservation — in-situ and ex-situ; environmental issues — pollution, ozone depletion, deforestation, global warming and climate change.

Nature and significance of management; principles of management — Taylor and Fayol; business environment; planning; organising; staffing; directing — motivation, leadership, communication; controlling.

Financial management — capital structure, financial leverage, working capital; financial markets — money market, capital market, stock exchange, SEBI; marketing management — marketing mix, product life cycle, pricing, promotion, distribution; consumer protection — rights, redressal forums.

National income and related aggregates — GDP, NDP, GNP; money and banking — functions of money, central bank, commercial banks, credit creation; determination of income and employment — consumption function, multiplier; government budget — components, types of deficit; balance of payments — current and capital account.

Development experience of India — 1947 to 1990; economic reforms since 1991 — LPG; current challenges — poverty, human capital formation, rural development, employment, infrastructure; environment and sustainable development; comparative development — India, China, and Pakistan.

Flamingo (Prose): The Last Lesson; Lost Spring; Deep Water; The Rattrap; Indigo; Poets and Pancakes; The Interview; Going Places.
Flamingo (Poetry): My Mother at Sixty-six; Keeping Quiet; A Thing of Beauty; A Roadside Stand; Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers.
Vistas (Supplementary Reader): The Third Level; The Tiger King; Journey to the End of the Earth; The Enemy; On the Face of It; Memories of Childhood.

Meaning, need, and objectives of sports event management; planning; fixtures — league (round robin), knock-out, and combination tournaments; committees and their functions; pre, during, and post event management responsibilities.

Motor development and factors affecting it; common postural deformities — kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis, knock knee, bow legs, flat foot; causes, prevention, and corrective exercises; female athlete triad; special abilities and benefits of exercise for children.

Meaning and importance of yoga; asanas for prevention of lifestyle diseases — obesity (Trikonasana, Ardh Matsyendrasana), diabetes (Bhujangasana, Paschimottanasana), hypertension (Tadasana, Vajrasana), back pain (Dhanurasana, Halasana), asthma (Sukhasana, Gomukhasana); relaxation techniques — Shavasana, Makarasana, Yoga Nidra.

Aims and objectives of adaptive physical education; organisations promoting disabled sports — Paralympics, Special Olympics, Deaflympics; types of disabilities and disorder — ODD, ADHD, SPD, ASD, visual, hearing, and locomotor impairments; adaptive sports and inclusion strategies.

Nutrients — macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals); balanced diet and nutrition; nutritive and non-nutritive components of diet; eating disorders — anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa; food supplements; dietary supplements; importance of hydration in sports performance.

Computation of BMI; Waist-Hip ratio; body fat percentage; measurement of health-related fitness — Harvard Step Test, Rockport Walk Test; measurement of sports-related fitness — SAI Motor Fitness Test, General Motor Fitness Test; measurement of cardiovascular fitness — Cooper’s 12-minute run/walk test.

Functions and properties of muscles; types of muscle fibres — slow twitch (Type I) and fast twitch (Type II); effect of exercise on muscular and respiratory systems; cardiovascular changes due to exercise; sports injuries — classification (acute and chronic), causes, prevention; first-aid for soft tissue injuries, fractures, and dislocations.

Meaning and importance of biomechanics; Newton’s three laws of motion and their applications in sports; levers — types (first, second, third class), mechanical advantage, and applications in the human body; equilibrium — dynamic and static, stability; projectile motion in sports; centre of gravity and its importance in sports performance.

Definition and importance of sports psychology; motivation — types, sources, and strategies; exercise adherence factors; aggression in sports; anxiety — causes, symptoms, management; stress management techniques; team cohesion and group dynamics; goal-setting theory; sportsmanship and gamesmanship.

Meaning and concept of sports training; principles — overload, progression, specificity, reversibility; warming up and cooling down; training load concepts; strength training methods — isometric, isotonic, isokinetic; endurance training — continuous and interval; speed and flexibility training; circuit training; periodisation — macrocycle, mesocycle, microcycle; doping — types, side effects, WADA, NADA, prohibited substances list.