CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise PDF, Topic-Wise Weightage and Deleted Chapters

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields — Coulomb’s law, superposition principle, electric field, electric dipole, Gauss’s theorem
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance — potential, potential difference, potential energy, capacitors (series/parallel), dielectrics, energy stored

Chapter 3: Current Electricity — drift velocity, Ohm’s law, resistivity and temperature dependence, internal resistance, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, potentiometer (EMF comparison and internal resistance measurement)

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism — Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s circuital law, solenoid and toroid, moving coil galvanometer, cyclotron
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter — bar magnet, Earth’s magnetism, diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction — Faraday’s laws, Lenz’s law, eddy currents, self and mutual inductance
Chapter 7: Alternating Current — peak and RMS values, AC circuits (R, L, C, LCR series), resonance, power factor, LC oscillations, transformers

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves — displacement current, EM spectrum (radio, microwave, infrared, visible, UV, X-ray, gamma ray), properties and uses of each band

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments — reflection and refraction at spherical surfaces, mirror formula, total internal reflection, prism, optical fibre, power of lens, microscope, telescope
Chapter 10: Wave Optics — Huygens’ principle, coherent sources, Young’s double slit experiment, interference, single slit diffraction, polarisation, Brewster’s law, Malus’s law

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter — photoelectric effect, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, work function, particle nature of light, de Broglie hypothesis, Davisson-Germer experiment

Chapter 12: Atoms — Rutherford’s model, Bohr’s model, hydrogen spectrum, spectral series
Chapter 13: Nuclei — nuclear composition, mass-energy relation, binding energy, radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma decay), nuclear fission and fusion

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics — energy bands, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction diode (I-V characteristics), rectifiers, Zener diode, transistor as amplifier and switch, logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR)

Types of solutions; Raoult’s law; vapour pressure; colligative properties — depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point, osmotic pressure; Van’t Hoff factor; abnormal molar masses

Electrochemical cells; standard electrode potential; Nernst equation; Kohlrausch’s law; electrolysis; Faraday’s laws; batteries (primary and secondary); fuel cells; corrosion

Rate of reaction; order and molecularity; rate law; integrated rate equations; half-life; Arrhenius equation; activation energy; collision theory

Electronic configuration; general properties of transition metals; variable oxidation states; colour; magnetic properties; catalytic activity; K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄; lanthanoids and actinoids

Werner’s theory; IUPAC nomenclature; types of ligands; coordination number; isomerism (structural and stereo); VBT; CFT; stability constants; biological importance of coordination compounds

Nucleophilic addition; Cannizzaro reaction; aldol condensation; oxidation and reduction; carboxylic acid reactions — esterification, halogenation (HVZ), decarboxylation

Chapter 1: Relations and Functions — types of relations, types of functions, composition, invertibility, binary operations
Chapter 2: Inverse Trigonometric Functions — domain, range, principal values, properties and identities

Chapter 3: Matrices — types, operations, transpose, symmetric and skew-symmetric, elementary row operations, invertible matrices
Chapter 4: Determinants — properties, cofactors, adjoint and inverse, Cramer’s rule, applications in geometry

Chapter 5: Continuity and Differentiability — chain rule, implicit and logarithmic differentiation, Rolle’s theorem, MVT
Chapter 6: Applications of Derivatives — rate of change, increasing/decreasing, tangent/normal, maxima and minima
Chapter 7: Integrals — integration by substitution, by parts, by partial fractions; definite integrals
Chapter 8: Applications of Integrals — area bounded by curves
Chapter 9: Differential Equations — order, degree, variable separation, homogeneous, linear first-order

Chapter 10: Vector Algebra — types, dot product, cross product, scalar triple product
Chapter 11: Three-Dimensional Geometry — direction cosines and ratios, equations of line and plane in 3D, angle between line and plane, skew lines, shortest distance

Chapter 12: Linear Programming — LPP formulation, graphical method, feasible region, objective function, corner point method, bounded and unbounded regions

Chapter 13: Probability — conditional probability, multiplication theorem, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem, random variables, Binomial distribution

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms — asexual and sexual reproduction, life cycle
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants — flower structure, pollination, fertilisation, post-fertilisation events, apomixis, polyembryony
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction — male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, implantation, pregnancy, parturition, lactation
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health — birth control, MTP, STDs, infertility

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation — Mendel’s laws, chromosomal theory, sex determination, mutations, genetic disorders
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance — DNA structure (Watson-Crick model), DNA replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, gene regulation (lac operon), Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting
Chapter 7: Evolution — origin of life, evidence, Darwin’s theory, natural selection, Hardy-Weinberg principle, speciation, human evolution

Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease — common diseases (typhoid, AIDS, cancer, malaria, dengue), innate and acquired immunity, lymphoid organs, vaccination, drugs and alcohol abuse
Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production — plant breeding, biofortification, single-cell protein, tissue culture
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare — biogas, biocontrol agents, biofertilizers, sewage treatment, industrial products

Chapter 11: Biotechnology — Principles and Processes — recombinant DNA technology tools (restriction enzymes, vectors), PCR, gel electrophoresis, cloning, bioreactors
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Applications — Bt crops, transgenic animals, insulin production via rDNA, gene therapy, Golden Rice, bioethics, biosafety

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations — organism-environment interactions, population attributes, growth models, interspecific interactions
Chapter 14: Ecosystem — structure, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, nutrient cycling, ecological succession
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation — patterns of biodiversity, threats, hotspots, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, biosphere reserves, Red Data Book

Passage 1 (Discursive/Literary) — 12 marks; multiple-choice and short-answer comprehension questions
Passage 2 (Factual/Case-based) — 14 marks; note-making (5 marks) + summary writing (3 marks) + comprehension (6 marks)

Grammar: gap-filling, editing, sentence rearrangement — 8 marks
Creative Writing: two questions (8 marks each) from Notice, Advertisement, Formal Letter, Article, Report, or Speech formats — 16 marks

Flamingo Prose (chapters in scope): The Last Lesson, Deep Water, The Rattrap, Indigo, Poets and Pancakes, The Interview, Going Places
Flamingo Poetry (all five poems in scope): My Mother at Sixty-Six, Keeping Quiet, A Thing of Beauty, A Roadside Stand, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
Vistas (chapters in scope): The Third Level, The Tiger King, Journey to the End of the Earth, The Enemy, On the Face of It, Memories of Childhood
Question types: Multiple Choice (1 mark), Short Answer (2–3 marks), Long Answer (5–6 marks for character/theme/value-based)

Emergence of bipolar world after World War II; US and Soviet ideological blocs; military alliances — NATO, Warsaw Pact, SEATO, CENTO, ANZUS; concept of deterrence; proxy wars and arms race; Cuban Missile Crisis (1962); Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and India’s role; India’s foreign policy in the Cold War context

Soviet political system and its decline; Gorbachev’s reforms — glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring); disintegration of the USSR in 1991; independence of 15 Soviet republics; formation of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS); reasons for Soviet collapse; shock therapy and its consequences; impact on India and world politics

First Gulf War (1991) and UN mandate; nature of US hegemony — military, economic, and cultural; 9/11 attacks (2001) and the Global War on Terror; Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan); Operation Iraqi Freedom; US hegemony in the unipolar world; resistance and constraints on US hegemony; India-US strategic partnership

European Union — history, Single European Act, Euro currency, significance and limitations; ASEAN — formation, evolution, ASEAN Way, Free Trade Area, India’s engagement; China’s economic rise and political influence since 1978; idea of a multipolar world; China-India-US triangle

SAARC — formation and objectives; democracy and conflict in Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan; India-Pakistan conflict and peace efforts (Simla Agreement, Lahore Declaration, Agra Summit); India-Bangladesh relations; India-Sri Lanka Tamil issue; India-Nepal Open Border Treaty; India as a regional power in South Asia

UN — origin, structure (General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, ICJ), peacekeeping missions; veto power and P5 dominance; India and UN reform debate; World Bank and IMF — roles and criticisms; World Trade Organisation; relevance of international organisations in 21st century

Traditional vs. non-traditional concepts of security; sources of security threats — internal and external; arms control treaties — NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty), CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty); global terrorism and its forms; human security; cooperative security frameworks; India’s security challenges — nuclear programme, terrorism, naxalism

Global environmental concerns — deforestation, ozone depletion, climate change; Rio Earth Summit (1992) — Agenda 21, conventions; Kyoto Protocol (1997); UNFCCC and its principles; common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR); resource conflicts — oil, water, timber; global commons (Antarctica, outer space, high seas); India’s position in global environmental politics

Partition of India (1947) — causes, consequences, refugee crisis; integration of 562 princely states (Sardar Patel’s role); accession of Hyderabad (Operation Polo), Junagadh, Jammu and Kashmir; States Reorganisation Commission (1953) and formation of linguistic states; making of the Indian Constitution; challenges of democracy in a diverse society

First general elections (1952) and their significance; Congress system of dominance (1952–1967); nature of Congress as a social coalition; position of opposition parties — CPI, PSP, BJS, Swatantra; consensus politics and compromise; factionalism within Congress; electoral patterns in early India

Planning Commission (1950) — role and powers; First Five-Year Plan (1951–56) — agriculture focus; Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61) — heavy industry (Nehru-Mahalanobis model); debate: Nehru vs Gandhian development model; Green Revolution — benefits, regional disparities, and side effects; mixed economy and state-led capitalism; debate on economic policy

Nehru’s foreign policy — non-alignment, anti-colonialism, anti-racism; Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, 1954); Sino-Indian War (1962) — causes, outcome, impact on India; Indo-Pak War (1965) and Tashkent Declaration; Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) and Simla Agreement (1972); India’s nuclear programme and nuclear policy; Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation (1971)

Political succession after Nehru — Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964–66); Indira Gandhi’s rise to power; 1967 elections and Congress setback; Congress split (1969) — Congress (O) vs Congress (R) over Presidential election; 1971 general elections and "Garibi Hatao" slogan; Congress restoration under Indira Gandhi; politics of defection; presidential election controversy

JP (Jayaprakash Narayan) Movement — Bihar agitation (1974); total revolution concept; Allahabad High Court verdict (1975) against Indira Gandhi; declaration of National Emergency (June 1975); suspension of fundamental rights, press censorship, preventive detention; MISA; 21-point programme; consequences of Emergency; 1977 elections — Congress defeat; Janata Party government (1977–79); 44th Constitutional Amendment

Nature of new social movements; Chipko Movement (1973) — Sunderlal Bahuguna, environmental dimension; anti-arrack movement (Andhra Pradesh, 1992); Narmada Bachao Andolan — Medha Patkar, displacement, big dams controversy; farmers’ movements (Shetkari Sanghatana); dalit movements and assertion; women’s movements — SEWA, domestic violence campaigns; Right to Information movement; impact of social movements on democracy

Jammu and Kashmir — special status (Article 370), secessionism, militancy, Simla Agreement implications; secessionist movements in Northeast — Nagaland demand (1955 onwards), Mizoram accord, Bodoland; Assam agitation (1979–85) and Assam Accord (1985); Punjab crisis — Akali demands, Operation Blue Star (1984), assassination of Indira Gandhi; regionalism as a feature of Indian democracy — acceptance and accommodation