Education Journalist | Study Abroad Lead
An extremely small living thing that one can only see with a microscope and that can cause disease is called microbes.
- Microbes or Microorganisms include Prions, Viruses, Viroids, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi.
- In microbes, there are some single cells like bacteria, protozoa and some multicellular cells such as algae and fungi.
- One cannot see the organisms without a microscope because they are too small.
- Microbes are essential for making foods like milk, paneer curds, and many more.
Types Of microbes
Read More: Cyanobacteria
Very Short Answer Questions [1 Mark Questions]
Ques. How many types of microbes are there?
Ans. The major types of microbes or microorganisms are bacteria, fungi ( yeast and moulds ), protozoa, algae and viruses.
Ques. What are the uses of microbes?
Ans. By using microbes we can use them in the production of many food items like making medicines and making milk products like curds Scientists used microbes or microorganisms for research in their lab.
Ques. Which bacteria is used for making milk into curds?
Ans. Lactobacillus but Agaricus (lactic acid bacteria) is used for making the curd from the milk.
Ques. What is bacitracin?
Ans. Bacitracin is an antibiotic obtained from Bacillus licheniformis.
Ques. What is sewage?
Ans. Sewage is multiple wastewater that come from human excretion. It contains large quantities of organic matter and pathogenic microbes. Therefore before discharging into natural bodies, sewage needs to be made less polluting.
Ques. Which of the following is the baker‘s yeast used in fermentation? Saccharum Barberi, saccharomyces cerevisiae and sonalika.
Ans. The baker‘s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in the fermentation of baking yeast.
Ques. Maintain the information that the health workers derive by measuring the BOD of a water body.
Ans. BOD contains the presence of organic matter in the water but the higher the BOD of the water body more is its polluting potential and vice versa.
Ques. What is the scientific name of the source organisms from which the first antibiotics produce?
Ans. The scientific name of an organism i.e. mould from which the first antibiotic was produced in Penicillium notatum.
Read More: Harmful Microorganisms
Short Answer Questions [2 Mark Questions]
Ques. Maintain the importance of lactic acid bacteria to humans other than setting milk into curd.
Ans. a) Lactic Acid bacteria check disease-causing microbes in the stomach.
b) Lactic acid Bacteria LAB is used to produce an acid called lactic acid which is an important industrial product. It is also used in beverages meat products, confectionery, dairy products etc.
Ques. What do antibiotics do in our bodies?
Ans. Antibiotics are medicines that fight bacterial infections like[ fungi, bacteria, viruses] etc in people and animals they work by killing the bacteria or by making it hard for the bacteria to grow and being doubled.
Ques. Why are bacteria added to set the milk into curd? Explain.
Ans. When a small amount of curd as bacteria is added to milk, millions of lactic acid bacteria present in the starter grow in milk and convert it to curd. During this process, acids are produced by LAB that coagulates lactic acid bacteria and increases vitamin B12 content along with others.
Ques. Write the various steps of fermentation.
Ans. The major steps of fermentation are -:
- Recovery of the product.
- Sterilisation of the fermenter and medium in steam. it is carried out under pressure and high temperature
- Inoculation of a selected strain of the yeast
Ques. Explain the use of the following acids and enzymes produced by the microorganisms
- lactic acid
- lipase
- pectinase
- streptokinase
Ans. The use of following products formed by microbes are :
- Lactic acid - It is produced by lactobacillus and converts milk into curd.
- Lipase - it is used in washing powder preparation and in removing oil stains from clothes.
- Pectinase - is used for fruit juice clearing.
- streptokinase - it is removing the blood clots from blood vessels in patients with myocardial reactions as a clot buster.
Ques. Differentiate between primary and secondary sewage treatment.
Ans. The primary treatment of wastes is the removal of insoluble particle materials by the addition of alum and other coagulants. In sewing, age there are 25% to 30% of organic materials present.
In secondary sewage treatment of waste are the biological removal of dissolved organic matter through trickling filters, lagoons, extended aeration systems and anaerobic digesters.
Ques. What is sewage? How can it be harmful?
Ans. In short sewage in wastewater is where all the wastewater goes. wash waters, human excreta, and industrial and agricultural wastes that enter the sewage system. Sewage water is very harmful to human beings and animals because there is the presence of inorganic matter. There are lots and lots of microorganisms in them. There is also a bad smell due to incomplete oxidation in sewage where small flies die and rats and wild small animals die.
Read More: Eubacteria
Long Answer Questions [3 Marks Questions]
Ques. Explain how this sludge is used in biogas production.
Ans. Biogas formation in sludge activation :
- A small part of the activated sludge is pumped into the aeration tank to serve as inoculum. It grows into floes and consumes organic matter to reduce BOD.
- The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters
- Here anaerobic bacteria digest the organic material of the sludge.
- During digestion, the bacteria produce a mixture of gases like hydrogen sulphide, methane, and carbon dioxide.
Ques. What are the uses of microorganisms in human life? Explain in brief.
Ans. There are some harmful or infectious causing microorganisms available but there are several useful microbes which are benefited humans in various ways .some of the most important role in human life.
- In industrial ways
- Penicillin and other chemical substances kill or hamper the growth of disease-causing microbes.
- Production alcohol beverages
- Some chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules are also produced by these microbes for various human beings' uses
- In household products
- For making curd there is the fermentation of milk.
- For making idli, bread or dosa there is the fermentation of the dough.
- Making of curd, cheese and paneer there is curdling and paneer
Ques. Explain this topic and there uses.
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Lactobacillus
- Streptococcus
Ans.
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - It is a product is ethanol and is also used for making slices of bread and beverages.
- Lactobacillus - Product is lactic acid. it is used to convert milk into curd and improves the nutrient quality of curd by enriching it with vitamin B12.
- Streptococcus - It is used as a clotting buster it helps in blood vessels by removing clotting.
Read More: Biodiesel
Very Long Answer Questions [5 Marks Questions]
Ques. Explain the basis of the biological control of weeds.
Ans. The biological control of weeds is as follows–
- Biological control of weeds involves breeding insects that feed some of the weeds or using certain microorganisms which will produce diseases in the weeds and eliminate them.
- Certain crop plants don’t allow weed growth nearby. They are called smooth plants such is called barley, ray, sorghum, millet etc. They eliminate weeds through chemicals.
- All over India and Australia, the growth of cacti was checked by the introduction of the cochineal insects ( ectoblastic cactorum )
- The technique is to use fungus spores to control weeds. these are suitable because they can be resisted for a long time and also resist adverse conditions.
Ques. Explain the different steps involved in the secondary or biological treatment of sewage secondary treatment.
Ans. The biological treatment of sewage of secondary treatment is as follows–
- The biological cell process in which bacteria naturally occur in sewage is used.
- Effluent obtained from the primary treatment is passed into a large aeration tank. Here, it is constantly agitated and the air is pumped into it.
- Due to this, the rapid growth of aerobic bacteria occurs in floes. These consume the organic matter of the sewage and reduce the BOD.
- Effluent is passed into the settling tank, where the floes are allowed to settle forming the activated sludge.
- A small amount of activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank as inoculum.
- The process in which bacteria naturally occurring in sewage is used.
- Effluent obtained from the primary treatment is passed into a large aeration tank. Here, it is constantly agitated and the air is pumped into it.
Ques. Mention useful applications of bacteria.
Ans. The survival of humans depends heavily on bacteria. The following are a few applications:
- Through the fermentation process, they contribute to the breakdown of organic materials.
- By fixing the nitrogen in the soil, they also improve its quality.
- In the form of vaccinations, serums, and antibiotics, they are also utilised in medicine.
- Man has utilised bacteria for a number of industrial purposes.
- Microbes are essential to the dairy industry.
- Lactic acid bacteria cause milk to sour and curdle.
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