Titration Formula: Types, Process & Acid Base Indicators

Titration is a chemical analysis used to determine the concentration of one solution by using the titration formula. It is an analytical technique that uses a known concentration (Titrate) to determine the concentration of an unknown substance. A solution whose concentration has already been identified is referred to as a frozen solution. The purpose of titration is to identify the pH of a chemical substance. 

Read More: Physical properties of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids

Key Takeaways: Quantitative Analysis, Ions, Concentration, Neutralisation, Volume, Stoichiometric equation, Titration, Acid, Base, Solution

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Titration

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Titration is a quantitative analysis in nature. It is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution using the titration formula. Using this method, the acid/ base of a known concentration can neutralise the acid/ base of the unknown concentration. 

Titration Process

During neutralisation, a hydrogen ion from acid and a hydroxide ion from the base are combined to form water. The uniformity of the pH must be maintained throughout the process. The titrate should be equal to the analyte concentration. To achieve this, the analyte should be dilute or strong. Titrate is the solution of known concentration and analyte is the solution whose concentration needs to be identified.

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Process of Titration

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First, the analyte should be measured and filled in a beaker. Add a few drops of acid base indicator like phenolphthalein or methyl orange to the analyte. Phenolphthalein turns pink in the presence of a base but remains colourless in acid. Methyl orange turns dark red in acid and turns into yellow in base.

Titration Setup

To start the process, take a standard solution in a burette. Drip it slowly into the beaker containing the analyte. Continue the process until the colour of the analyte changes. This finally confirms that the base/ acid in the analyte has been successfully neutralised by the titrate. Note the volume change of the standard solution at which the end point occurred. That volume indicates how much titrant is used to neutralise the analyte.

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Titration Formula

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Titration uses a standard formula in order to determine the unknown concentration. The titration formula which is generally being used is as follows:

Volume of titrate x molarity of titrant = volume of analyte x molarity of analyte 

→ MA VA = MB VB

• MA → Molarity of titrate (H⁺) 
• VA → Volume of titrate 
• MB → Molarity of analyte (OH^-)
• VB → Volume of analyte

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Types of Titration

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Titration works well when the conditions like emergence of reaction happens quickly. It is necessary to use a catalyst in order to bring rapid reaction. So that the reaction will be simple and the stoichiometric equation will be clear. Knowing the four types of titration will help to learn the titration formula.

Acid-Base Titration

Acid-Base titration is made based on the acid-base reaction. This is a quantitative analysis method. This type of titration is also used to calculate the concentration of acid by titrating an alkaline solution whose concentration is known and vice versa. There are two acid-base titration formulas namely monovalent acid-base and polyvalent acid-base titration.

Acid Base Titration

Complexation Titration

This titration uses a complex ion formation reaction. The analysis of metal content in simple solutions can be analysed using complexation titration.

Argentometric Titration

Argentometric titration is used for precipitation reactions. This titration makes an insoluble precipitate when the two reacting substances are in contact. Argentometric titration has another three sub types namely Fajans method, volhard method, and Mohr method.

Redox Titration

Redox titration is a process where the electrons are transferred from oxidising agents to reducing agents. Oxidation is the releasing of electrons where reduction is the reaction to gain an electron. Based on the reagent, redox titration is further classified into three as follows.

Permanganate: MnO₄^- + 2H₂O + 3e^- → MnO₂ (s) + 4HO^-

Dichromate: K₂Cr₂O₇(_aq) + 3H₂S(_aq) + 4H₂SO4(_aq) → Cr₂(SO₄)₃(_aq) + 3S(_s)\(\Box\)\(\Box\)↓ + K₂SO₄(_aq) + 7H₂O(_l)

Iodimetric and Iodometric: I²+ 2e → 2I¯

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Things to Remember

• Titration is a chemical technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown substance using a known concentration or titration formula.
• The generally used formula for titration is MA VA = MB VB.
• There are four different types of titrations namely redox titration, Argentometric titration, complexation titration, and acid-base titration.
• Titration is a quantitative method. In this method, the acid/ base of a known concentration can neutralise the acid/ base of the unknown concentration.

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