(A) It is concerned with measurement and analysis of the components of population change.
(B) It is concerned with the wider causes and consequences of population structure and change.
(C) It is concerned with the changes in the population due to genetic influence.
(D) It studies the changes in the population due to climatic conditions.
Correct Answer: (B) It is concerned with the wider causes and consequences of population structure and change.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
Demography is the systematic study of population. Sociologists divide it into two broad streams. One stream counts and measures. The other stream asks why population changes and what those changes do to society.
Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
Formal demography deals with numbers: births, deaths, migration and the methods to measure them. Social demography links those numbers to social causes and social consequences.
Step 3: Check option 1:
This describes formal demography. It is about measuring and analysing the components of population change such as fertility, mortality and migration. It is not the social side of the subject. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2:
Social demography looks at the wider social, economic and cultural causes behind the structure and change of a population, and also at what these changes mean for society. This matches the definition exactly. So option 2 is correct.
Step 5: Check option 3:
Genetic influence on population is a topic of biology and population genetics, not of social demography. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Climate can affect settlement, but studying population change only through climatic conditions is the work of geography or environmental science. It is not the definition of social demography. So option 4 is wrong.
Step 7: Final Answer:
Social demography is concerned with the wider causes and consequences of population structure and change. This is option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2}} \]
Question 2:
The age structure of population refers to:
(A) the number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group
(B) the number of deaths of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live births
(C) the proportion of persons in the different age groups relative to the total population.
(D) the number of females per 1000 males in a given area at a specified time period.
Correct Answer: (C) the proportion of persons in the different age groups relative to the total population.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
Age structure tells us how a population is spread across age groups, such as children, working age adults and the old. It is usually given as a share of the total population.
Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
Match each option with a standard demographic term. Then pick the one that is about age groups as a share of the whole population.
Step 3: Check option 1:
The number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group is the fertility rate. It is about births, not about age groups. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2:
The number of deaths of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live births is the infant mortality rate. It is about deaths of infants. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3:
The proportion of persons in the different age groups relative to the total population is exactly what age structure means. So option 3 is correct.
Step 6: Check option 4:
The number of females per 1000 males is the sex ratio. It is about gender balance, not age. So option 4 is wrong.
Step 7: Final Answer:
Age structure means the share of people in each age group in the total population. This is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3}} \]
Question 3:
What factors contribute to the physical transplantation of urban life into a rural setup?
(A) Mass Media and Communication
(B) Migration
(C) Industrialization
(D) Secularization
Correct Answer: (C) Industrialization
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We must find the factor behind the physical transplantation of urban life into a rural setup, such as factories, townships and urban facilities coming up in villages.
Step 2: Check option (1) Mass Media and Communication:
Media spreads urban ideas and tastes, but it is not the physical transplantation of urban life.
Step 3: Check option (2) Migration:
Migration moves people from villages to cities, which is the opposite direction.
Step 4: Check option (3) Industrialization:
Industries set up in rural areas bring factories, townships, roads and urban facilities with them. This is the physical transplantation, and it is the NTA key answer.
Step 5: Check option (4) Secularization:
Secularization is a change in the role of religion in society, not a physical change.
Final Answer:
Industrialization is the factor, which is option 3. \[ \boxed{\text{Industrialization}} \]
Question 4:
Which of the following is an outcome of a social movement in Britain?
(A) Protection of the monarchial prestige
(B) Reservation in government jobs
(C) Positive affirmation for coloured people
(D) Universal Adult Suffrage
Correct Answer: (D) Universal Adult Suffrage
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
A social movement is a collective effort to bring change. In Britain, popular movements such as the Chartist movement and the suffragist movement demanded the right to vote for all.
Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
Match each option with the country or situation it belongs to, then pick the one that came out of a British movement.
Step 3: Check option 1:
Protecting the prestige of the monarchy is the opposite of what popular movements aimed at. They reduced the power of the crown. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2:
Reservation in government jobs is a policy found in India. It came from Indian movements against caste discrimination. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3:
Positive affirmation for coloured people is linked with the civil rights movement in the United States. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Universal adult suffrage was gained in Britain after long campaigns by working class and women's movements. So option 4 is correct.
Step 7: Final Answer:
The British social movements led to universal adult suffrage. This is option 4.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 4}} \]
Question 5:
The most common features of the caste system are: A. It is an ascribed identity. B. It is an endogamous group. C. It is linked to particular occupational groups. D. It is based on abilities and can change over time. Choose the correct statements from the options given below:
(A) A, B and C only
(B) B, C and D only
(C) A, C and D only
(D) A, B and D only
Correct Answer: (A) A, B and C only
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
Caste is a social group a person is born into. Its main features are birth based membership, marriage inside the group and a link with traditional occupations.
Step 2: Check statement A:
Caste is given by birth. A person cannot choose or earn it. So it is an ascribed identity, and A is TRUE.
Step 3: Check statement B:
Members of a caste marry within the group. This rule is called endogamy. So B is TRUE.
Step 4: Check statement C:
Castes are traditionally tied to particular occupations, and the jati system had hereditary occupations. So C is TRUE.
Step 5: Check statement D:
Being based on ability and changing with time describes an achieved status in an open class system. Caste does not work like that. So D is FALSE.
Step 6: Match with the options:
The true statements are A, B and C. Option 1 says A, B and C only. Option 2 includes D, option 3 includes D and leaves out B, and option 4 includes D. So only option 1 is correct.
Step 7: Final Answer:
Statements A, B and C are true and D is false. This is option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1}} \]
Question 6:
Match the LIST-I with LIST-II
LIST-I (Concept)
LIST-II (Definition)
A. Fertility Rate
I. refers to the number of deaths of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live births.
B. Infant Mortality Rate
II. refers to the number of females per 1000 males in a given area at a specified time.
C. Sex ratio
III. refers to the number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group
D. Dependency ratio
IV. measure comparing the portion of a population which is composed of dependents with the portion that is in the working age group
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(B) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(C) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
(D) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Correct Answer: (A) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
These are four basic demographic measures. Each one has a fixed meaning, so we match them one by one.
Step 2: Match A (Fertility Rate):
Fertility rate is the number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group. This is statement III. So A matches III.
Step 3: Match B (Infant Mortality Rate):
Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live births. This is statement I. So B matches I.
Step 4: Match C (Sex ratio):
Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males in a given area at a specified time. This is statement II. So C matches II.
Step 5: Match D (Dependency ratio):
Dependency ratio compares the dependent part of the population with the working age part. This is statement IV. So D matches IV.
Step 6: Compare with the options:
The full match is A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV. Option 1 gives exactly this. Options 2 and 3 pair A with I, and option 4 pairs B with IV, which are wrong.
Step 7: Final Answer:
The correct match is A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV. This is option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1}} \]
Question 7:
Which of the following can be understood as an effect of 'Sanskritisation'?
(A) Adoption of western education by the Brahmins.
(B) The practice of dowry among Dalit communities.
(C) The tribes taking up new occupation.
(D) Middle-caste women choosing to work outside the home.
Correct Answer: (B) The practice of dowry among Dalit communities.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
Sanskritisation is a term used by M. N. Srinivas. It describes a process in which a lower caste or a tribe copies the customs, rituals and beliefs of the upper castes, especially Brahmins, to raise its social standing.
Step 2: Key Approach:
We look for the option where a group adopts upper-caste practices. Such practices include strict rules of purity, vegetarianism, and customs like dowry, which earlier were seen mainly among upper castes.
Step 3: Check option 1:
Brahmins taking up western education is a case of westernisation, which is a different process. Here a high caste copies the West, not the other way round. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2:
Dowry was once largely an upper-caste practice. As other communities, including Dalit groups, copied upper-caste ways, dowry spread among them as well. This is a well known negative effect of Sanskritisation. So option 2 is right.
Step 5: Check option 3:
Tribes taking up new occupations is a change linked to economic and market forces. It does not mean they are copying upper-caste culture. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Middle-caste women working outside the home is linked to modern education and jobs. Sanskritisation in fact often made women stay inside the home, as upper castes did. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Spread of dowry among Dalit communities is an effect of Sanskritisation, which is option 2. \[ \boxed{2} \]
Question 8:
Which of the following can be understood as "acquired" trait for a person belonging to the Gond tribe?
(A) The person decides to assert his tribal identity.
(B) The person decides to stay in his/her place of origin.
(C) The person decides to adopt the "purity and pollution" principle of caste to maintain their identity.
(D) The person decides to continue to use his/her own language.
Correct Answer: (C) The person decides to adopt the "purity and pollution" principle of caste to maintain their identity.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
An ascribed trait is given by birth. An acquired trait is something a person takes up later by choice. We must find the acquired trait for a Gond tribe member.
Step 2: Check option (1):
Asserting a tribal identity is a choice, but the NTA key does not mark it as the acquired trait here.
Step 3: Check option (2):
Staying in the place of origin is not treated as an acquired trait.
Step 4: Check option (3):
Adopting the caste principle of purity and pollution is a practice taken up from another social system. This is the acquired trait in the NTA key.
Step 5: Check option (4):
Continuing to use one's own language is an inherited trait, not an acquired one.
Final Answer:
The acquired trait is adopting the purity and pollution principle, which is option 3 (as per the NTA final answer key). \[ \boxed{\text{Adopting the purity and pollution principle}} \]
Question 9:
Which of the following functions of the family is determined by lineage structure?
(A) Rules of authority
(B) Rules of residence
(C) Rules of inheritance
(D) Rules of marriage
Correct Answer: (C) Rules of inheritance
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
Lineage structure tells us through which parent descent is traced. In a patrilineal family descent and property pass through the father's line. In a matrilineal family they pass through the mother's line.
Step 2: Key Approach:
We must find which family rule depends directly on the line of descent. Property and name follow descent, so we look for the rule that deals with passing things on from one generation to the next.
Step 3: Check option 1:
Rules of authority decide who holds power in the family, such as in a patriarchal or matriarchal setting. These are about power in the house and are treated as a separate feature from descent. So option 1 is not the answer.
Step 4: Check option 2:
Rules of residence decide where the couple lives after marriage, for example with the groom's family or the bride's family. This is a separate rule of family structure. So option 2 is not the answer.
Step 5: Check option 3:
Rules of inheritance say who receives property and family rights. In a patrilineal system it passes through the male line and in a matrilineal system through the female line. So the lineage structure decides it. Option 3 is right.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Rules of marriage say whom one may marry, such as endogamy or exogamy. They are decided by the community and kinship norms, not mainly by the lineage line. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Lineage structure mainly determines the rules of inheritance, which is option 3. \[ \boxed{3} \]
Question 10:
Which of the following is correct for the OBC population in India? A. It is a diverse group with regional variations. B. They are mostly from untouchable castes. C. Till 1990, two different commissions were set up for OBC welfare. D. Southern states in India started mobilization of OBC long before the northern states. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B and D only
(B) A, C and D only
(C) B, C and D only
(D) A, B and C only
Correct Answer: (B) A, C and D only
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We have four statements about the Other Backward Classes (OBC). We must find which statements are true and then choose the option that lists exactly those.
Step 2: Check statement A:
OBCs are not one single block. They include many castes with different occupations, customs and levels of wealth, and their position changes from state to state. So A is TRUE.
Step 3: Check statement B:
The OBCs are mostly the middle and artisan castes of the caste order, such as cultivating and service castes. Untouchable castes are a separate group, now covered as Scheduled Castes. So B is FALSE.
Step 4: Check statement C:
Two national commissions looked at the backward classes before 1990. The first was the Kalelkar Commission in the 1950s and the second was the Mandal Commission in the late 1970s. So C is TRUE.
Step 5: Check statement D:
The backward class movements began early in the South, for example in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, and reservations came there much before the North. So D is TRUE.
Step 6: Choose the option:
The true statements are A, C and D. This is option 2. Option 1 and option 3 include B, and option 4 also includes B, so they are wrong.
Final Answer:
Statements A, C and D are correct, so the answer is option 2. \[ \boxed{2} \]
Question 11:
Why is Dharma Sabha an example of counter movement?
(A) It defended the right of older women to practice Sati.
(B) It defended the practice of Sati and refused to bring in any change.
(C) It attacked Sati but not the problem of polygamy.
(D) It was against mass mobilization but wanted new rules to abolish Sati.
Correct Answer: (B) It defended the practice of Sati and refused to bring in any change.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
A counter movement is a movement formed to oppose a reform movement and defend the old order. In the 19th century reformers worked to end Sati. Those who wanted to keep the custom as it was formed groups against them.
Step 2: Key Approach:
Dharma Sabha was a body of orthodox Hindus in Bengal. We look for the option that shows it defending the old practice and rejecting change.
Step 3: Check option 1:
The campaign was not about the right of older women to choose Sati. The defence was of the custom as a whole. So option 1 misreads the issue.
Step 4: Check option 2:
Dharma Sabha stood for the practice of Sati as a religious duty and opposed the law that banned it. It refused to accept any change. This is the typical case of a counter movement, so option 2 is right.
Step 5: Check option 3:
If it had attacked Sati it would have been on the side of the reformers. So option 3 does not describe a counter movement.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Wanting new rules to abolish Sati means supporting the end of the practice. That is the opposite of what Dharma Sabha did. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Dharma Sabha defended Sati and refused change, so it is a counter movement. The answer is option 2. \[ \boxed{2} \]
Question 12:
Which of the following contributes towards the formation of ethno-national identities in India? A. Language B. Religion C. Region D. Tribe
(A) A, B and D only
(B) A, B and C only
(C) A, C and D only
(D) B, C and D only
Correct Answer: (C) A, C and D only
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
An ethno-national identity is a sense of belonging to a group that shares an ethnic base and wants a political voice, such as a state or autonomy. In India these identities grew around shared language, a shared region and tribal community.
Step 2: Key Approach:
We test each of the four bases and see which ones the textbook treats as sources of such identities.
Step 3: Check A, Language:
Language gave rise to strong movements, for example the demand for states on linguistic lines. So A is included.
Step 4: Check B, Religion:
Religion is usually discussed in the context of communalism, and not as an ethno-national base in this unit of study. So B is left out here.
Step 5: Check C, Region:
Region shapes identity strongly, as in regional movements within the Indian Union. So C is included.
Step 6: Check D, Tribe:
Tribal communities, for example in the north-east and in central India, have raised demands built on tribal identity. So D is included.
Step 7: Choose the option:
A, C and D are the bases that fit, which is option 3. This answer is based on the usual treatment in the course, and options 1, 2 and 4 each carry religion.
Final Answer:
Language, region and tribe are the sources, which gives option 3. \[ \boxed{3} \]
Question 13:
"The State is a body that successfully claims the monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory" - this definition of State was given by
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Max Weber
(C) Émile Durkheim
(D) B. R. Ambedkar
Correct Answer: (B) Max Weber
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question.
We are asked who gave the well known definition of the State as the body that holds the monopoly of legitimate force over a territory.
Step 2: Recall the source.
This line comes from the lecture 'Politics as a Vocation' by the German sociologist Max Weber. He defined the State by its means, which is the claim to legitimate use of physical force, and not by its aims.
Step 3: Check option 1, Karl Marx.
Marx saw the State as a tool of the ruling class that protects its economic interests. This is a class view, not the monopoly of legitimate force. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2, Max Weber.
Weber's definition matches the quoted words closely. So option 2 is right.
Step 5: Check option 3, Emile Durkheim.
Durkheim wrote about social facts, collective conscience and the division of labour. He saw the State as an organ of moral thinking for society, not as the holder of force. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4, B. R. Ambedkar.
Ambedkar was a jurist and social reformer who drafted the Constitution. He did not give this definition of the State. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The definition belongs to Max Weber, which is option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: Max Weber}} \]
Question 14:
What is the primary vision of the Constitution of India ?
(A) To develop an assimilationist culture by identifying a cultural code.
(B) To build an integrationist nation-State by establishing a singular idea.
(C) To maintain a national unity by formally recognising differences among the people.
(D) To have a written mandate which all Indians can comprehend.
Correct Answer: (C) To maintain a national unity by formally recognising differences among the people.
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question.
We must pick the main idea behind the Indian Constitution when it deals with the many cultures and communities of the country.
Step 2: Recall the textbook idea.
India is a very diverse country. The Constitution does not try to melt all groups into one. It accepts differences and gives them a lawful place, so that the nation stays together.
Step 3: Check option 1.
An assimilationist model asks minorities to give up their identity and merge into one dominant culture. The Constitution does not set a single cultural code, so option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
An integrationist model with one singular idea of the nation also asks for one shared culture in public life. The Indian vision is not built on one singular idea, so option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
The Constitution recognises religious, linguistic and cultural differences through rights for minorities, language provisions and secular principles, and uses this recognition to hold the nation together. So option 3 is right.
Step 6: Check option 4.
Being easy to read is not the main vision of the Constitution. It is a legal and political document with a larger aim. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The primary vision is national unity by formally recognising differences, which is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3}} \]
Question 15:
Which of the following cities was outside the economic system of the colonial empire?
(A) Bombay
(B) Kolkata
(C) Madras
(D) Bhopal
Correct Answer: (D) Bhopal
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question.
We need the city that was not part of the trading and port network of the British colonial economy.
Step 2: Recall the background.
Under British rule, Bombay, Calcutta (Kolkata) and Madras became the three big port cities and presidency towns. They moved raw material out and finished goods in, so they were tied closely to the colonial economy.
Step 3: Check option 1, Bombay.
Bombay was a major port and a centre of the cotton trade. It was inside the colonial system. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2, Kolkata.
Calcutta was the colonial capital for a long time and a key centre of trade and jute. It was inside the system. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3, Madras.
Madras was a colonial port and administrative centre. It was inside the system. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4, Bhopal.
Bhopal was an inland city and the seat of a princely state, not a colonial port or trading hub of the empire. It stood outside that port-city economic system, so option 4 is right.
Final Answer:
Bhopal was outside the colonial economic system, option 4.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 4: Bhopal}} \]
Question 16:
Match the LIST-I with LIST-II
LIST-I (CONCEPT)
LIST-II (IMPACT)
A. Urbanisation
I. reordering of the relationship between the native and the migrant
B. Westernisation
II. adopting new technology in the production process.
C. Modernisation
III. reordering of the market economy.
D. Industrialization
IV. reordering of the social value systems
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
(B) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(C) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
(D) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Correct Answer: (A) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question.
We must pair each social process with the change it brings. Four pairs have to be right together.
Step 2: Match A, Urbanisation.
As cities grow, people from villages and other regions move in. This changes how the native residents and the migrants relate to each other. So A goes with I.
Step 3: Match B, Westernisation.
Westernisation means taking up western ideas, dress, education and outlook. This changes the values people live by. So B goes with IV.
Step 4: Match C, Modernisation.
Modernisation stresses new technology and new ways of working and producing. So C goes with II.
Step 5: Match D, Industrialization.
Industrialization moves production to factories and links people to wage work and markets, which reorders the market economy. So D goes with III.
Step 6: Compare with the options.
The set A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III is option 1. Option 2 puts B with II, and option 3 puts B with II and C with IV, both wrong. Option 4 puts A with III, which is wrong.
Final Answer:
The correct matching is A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III, option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1}} \]
Question 17:
According to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, the Panchayati Raj Institution is divided into how many tier system?
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five
Correct Answer: (B) Three
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question.
We need the number of levels in the Panchayati Raj system under the 73rd Amendment.
Step 2: Recall the facts.
The 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj. It set up a three-tier system: the village level, the intermediate or block level, and the district level.
Step 3: Check option 1, Two.
Two tiers would be too few. States with a population below 20 lakh may skip the intermediate tier, but that is an exception, not the general rule. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2, Three.
Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad make three tiers. So option 2 is right.
Step 5: Check options 3 and 4.
Four or five tiers are not given by the Amendment, so both are wrong.
Final Answer:
The system has three tiers, option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: Three}} \]
Question 18:
Which of the following powers and responsibilities are delegated to the Panchayats? A. To prepare plans and schemes for economic development. B. To make laws for the villagers. C. To promote schemes that will enhance social justice. D. To levy, collect, and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) B, C and D only
(B) A, C and D only
(C) A, B and C only
(D) A, B and D only
Correct Answer: (B) A, C and D only
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question.
We have to find which of the listed tasks are given to the Panchayats by the Constitution.
Step 2: Recall the source.
Article 243G of the Constitution lets states give Panchayats the power to prepare plans for economic development and social justice. Article 243H allows them to levy and collect taxes, duties, tolls and fees.
Step 3: Check statement A.
Planning for economic development is a listed Panchayat function. So A is correct.
Step 4: Check statement B.
Panchayats are local self-government bodies. Making laws belongs to the state legislature and Parliament, not to the Panchayats. So B is wrong.
Step 5: Check statement C.
Schemes for social justice are part of the Panchayat tasks. So C is correct.
Step 6: Check statement D.
Taxes, duties, tolls and fees can be levied by Panchayats as per state law. So D is correct.
Step 7: Match with the options.
The correct group is A, C and D only, which is option 2.
Final Answer:
A, C and D are Panchayat functions and B is not, so option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: A, C and D only}} \]
Question 19:
What is the business practice called, where companies reduce their permanent workforce and assign work to smaller firms or individual workers at home?
(A) Liberalisation
(B) Outsourcing
(C) Disinvestment
(D) Mechanisation
Correct Answer: (B) Outsourcing
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question describes a business practice. A company cuts its permanent staff. It then hands some of its work to smaller firms, or to workers who work from their homes. We need the term that names this practice. This topic comes from the chapter on globalisation and the changing world of work in India.
Step 2: Key Idea:
When a company gives a part of its work to an outside firm or person instead of doing it with its own regular staff, the practice is called outsourcing. It lowers the cost of labour for the company. It also makes jobs less secure for workers, because the work moves to contract and home-based labour.
Step 3: Check Option 1, Liberalisation:
Liberalisation means the government reduces control and restrictions on trade and industry. It is a government policy of opening the economy. It is not a practice that a single company follows with its workforce. So this option is wrong.
Step 4: Check Option 2, Outsourcing:
Outsourcing matches every part of the description. The firm shrinks its permanent workforce. It passes work to smaller units or to home workers. This option is correct.
Step 5: Check Option 3, Disinvestment:
Disinvestment means the government sells its share in public sector companies. It has nothing to do with sending work to smaller firms or home workers. This option is wrong.
Step 6: Check Option 4, Mechanisation:
Mechanisation means using machines in place of human labour. The question speaks about giving work to other firms and people, not about using machines. This option is wrong.
Final Answer:
Outsourcing is the practice described, so option 2 is correct. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: Outsourcing}} \]
Question 20:
How can judicial interpretation of the Constitution contribute to social transformation?
(A) By restricting rights to literal constitutional meaning.
(B) By preserving the intentions of original constitutional makers.
(C) By expanding fundamental concepts like 'Right to Life' to encompass quality dimensions.
(D) By maintaining strict separation between constitutional articles.
Correct Answer: (C) By expanding fundamental concepts like 'Right to Life' to encompass quality dimensions.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks how the way courts read the Constitution can help change society. A good answer must show courts making the Constitution work for new social needs.
Step 2: Key Idea:
Courts in India have given wider meanings to rights. For example, the Right to Life in Article 21 has been read to include a life of dignity, livelihood, clean environment and health. This widening of meaning is how judicial interpretation helps social change.
Step 3: Check Option 1:
Restricting rights to their literal meaning would narrow rights. A narrow reading keeps things as they are and does not push society to change. This option is wrong.
Step 4: Check Option 2:
Preserving the original intention of the makers looks backward. It keeps the old understanding and blocks fresh readings that a changing society needs. This option is wrong.
Step 5: Check Option 3:
Expanding basic ideas like the Right to Life so that they cover quality of life is exactly what courts have done. It brings new groups and new needs under constitutional protection. This option is correct.
Step 6: Check Option 4:
Keeping the articles strictly separate stops courts from reading rights together. In practice courts have joined rights such as life and liberty to give wider protection. So strict separation does not help change. This option is wrong.
Final Answer:
Option 3 shows how courts widen rights and so help social transformation. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 3}} \]
Question 21:
What is the correct chronological sequence of democratic developments in India? A. Constitutional status granted to Panchayati Raj Institutions. B. Development of Van Panchayats C. Right to Information Act D. Right to Livelihood as constitutional right. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) D, A, B, C
(B) B, D, A, C
(C) B, A, D, C
(D) D, C, B, A
Correct Answer: (A) D, A, B, C
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We must order the four democratic developments in India by date, earliest first.
Step 2: Use the NTA key:
The NTA final answer key marks option 1, D, A, B, C, as the correct sequence.
Step 3: Other options:
Options 2, 3 and 4 give other orders and are not accepted by the key.
Final Answer:
The sequence is D, A, B, C, which is option 1 (as per the NTA final answer key). \[ \boxed{\text{D, A, B, C}} \]
Question 22:
Arrange the following Census events in the correct chronological order of their occurrence. A. The sex ratio had fallen to an all-time low of 927 females per thousand males. B. The total population of India was recorded to be 121 crores. C. India announced it's first population policy. D. The year when India experienced better demographic dividend compared to China. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) D, C, A, B
(B) D, C, B, A
(C) C, A, B, D
(D) C, D, B, A
Correct Answer: (C) C, A, B, D
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We need to place four demographic events of India in time order, from earliest to latest.
Step 2: Date Each Event:
C. India announced its first National Population Policy in 1976, in the form of a population control drive. A. The sex ratio fell to 927 females per thousand males in the 1991 Census. B. The Census of 2011 recorded the total population as about 121 crores. D. The demographic dividend, where India has a bigger working age share than China, is a later phase after 2011 and is spoken of as a period that comes in the coming years.
Step 3: Arrange the Events:
The order is C (1976), A (1991), B (2011), D (later). So the sequence is C, A, B, D.
Step 4: Check Option 1:
D, C, A, B starts with the latest event. This is wrong.
Step 5: Check Option 2:
D, C, B, A also starts with D. This is wrong.
Step 6: Check Option 3:
C, A, B, D matches the order found above. This is correct.
Step 7: Check Option 4:
C, D, B, A puts D before B and A, which breaks the dates. This is wrong.
Final Answer:
The correct order is C, A, B, D, so option 3 is correct. \[ \boxed{C \to A \to B \to D} \]
Question 23:
Which of the following statements is true for India's demography and population? A. Famines were caused by high levels of continuing poverty and malnutrition. B. Unlike the death rate, the birth rate has not registered a sharp fall. C. Programmes for mass vaccination, and efforts to improve sanitation helped to control epidemics. D. Prosperity does not influence family size. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B and D only
(B) A, B and C only
(C) B, C and D only
(D) A, C and D only
Correct Answer: (B) A, B and C only
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We must pick the statements that are true about India's population. Then we match them with an option.
Step 2: Check Statement A:
Famines in India were linked to continuing poverty and malnutrition, along with unequal access to food. This statement is true.
Step 3: Check Statement B:
The death rate fell sharply after better health care, but the birth rate came down much more slowly. This gap caused rapid population growth. This statement is true.
Step 4: Check Statement C:
Mass vaccination and better sanitation helped bring epidemics under control. This statement is true.
Step 5: Check Statement D:
Studies show that development and prosperity, with better education and health, lead families to become smaller. So saying prosperity has no effect on family size is false.
Step 6: Match the Options:
A, B and C are true and D is false. Option 1 and option 3 and option 4 each include D, so they are wrong. Option 2 has A, B and C only, so it is correct.
Final Answer:
Statements A, B and C are true, so option 2 is correct. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: A, B and C only}} \]
Question 24:
Why is India often called a "state-nation"?
(A) Since the political identity developed before a national identity.
(B) Since it is committed to the idea of pluralistic identities co-existing peacefully within a single state polity.
(C) Since it is developed in the model of assimilation to manage pluralism.
(D) Since it is committed to the idea of one nation-one state.
Correct Answer: (B) Since it is committed to the idea of pluralistic identities co-existing peacefully within a single state polity.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks why India is called a state-nation. We need the reason that fits this idea.
Step 2: Key Idea:
A state-nation is a country where many cultural groups live together under one state. It respects the different identities and does not force all people into a single identity. India follows this model of unity in diversity.
Step 3: Check Option 1:
Saying the political identity came before the national identity describes how some states formed, but it is not the main reason for the term. It also does not talk about handling diversity. This option is wrong.
Step 4: Check Option 2:
This says India is committed to many identities living peacefully in one state. That is the heart of a state-nation. This option is correct.
Step 5: Check Option 3:
Assimilation means pulling minority groups into one dominant culture. India does not follow this model. This option is wrong.
Step 6: Check Option 4:
One nation-one state is the idea of a nation-state, where the state is built around a single national culture. India is different from it. This option is wrong.
Final Answer:
India accepts many identities within one state, so option 2 is correct. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 2}} \]
Question 25:
What was the dominant contradiction within the Indian national movement concerning the caste system?
(A) Nationalist leaders considered the abolition of untouchability undesirable while opposing social reforms.
(B) Nationalist leaders worked for upliftment of lower castes while denying education to upper castes.
(C) Nationalist leaders did not consider colonialism a social evil but regarded caste system a menace.
(D) Nationalist leaders worked against discrimination of lower castes while also prioritizing the interests of upper castes.
Correct Answer: (D) Nationalist leaders worked against discrimination of lower castes while also prioritizing the interests of upper castes.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept: The Indian national movement wanted to unite all Indians against colonial rule. Many leaders also spoke against untouchability and caste discrimination. But the movement was led mostly by upper caste, educated people, so a tension appeared. The question asks what this main tension, or contradiction, was.
Step 2: Check option (A). Leaders such as Gandhi openly called untouchability a sin and worked for its removal. So the claim that they found its abolition undesirable is false. This option is wrong.
Step 3: Check option (B). Nationalist leaders did not deny education to upper castes. Upper castes already had access to education. It was the lower castes who were kept out. This option reverses the real situation, so it is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (C). Nationalist leaders saw colonialism as the main evil of their time. They did not ignore it. The option also twists the idea of the contradiction. So it is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (D). This matches history. Leaders spoke against discrimination of lower castes and wanted social reform. At the same time, the movement leadership came from upper castes and did not want to lose their support or interests. Critics like Ambedkar pointed out this gap. This option is correct.
Final Answer: The real contradiction was that leaders opposed caste discrimination yet kept upper caste interests in view. This is option 4. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 4}} \]
Question 26:
Who, among the following, is a scholar on disability issues?
(A) Jotiba Phule
(B) Ralph Ellison
(C) Anita Ghai
(D) Sharmila Rege
Correct Answer: (C) Anita Ghai
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept: Disability studies is an area of sociology that looks at how society treats persons with disabilities. In India, one well known scholar of this field is Anita Ghai, who wrote about disability, gender and identity. The question asks us to match the right scholar to this field.
Step 2: Check option (A). Jotiba Phule was a nineteenth century social reformer. He worked on caste inequality and education for lower castes and women. He did not write on disability. So this option is wrong.
Step 3: Check option (B). Ralph Ellison was an American writer, known for the novel Invisible Man, which deals with race. He is not a disability scholar. So this option is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (C). Anita Ghai is an Indian scholar and activist. Her books, such as Rethinking Disability in India, deal with disability, the body and social exclusion. So this option is correct.
Step 5: Check option (D). Sharmila Rege was a sociologist who studied caste and gender, and wrote about Dalit women. Her work is not mainly about disability. So this option is wrong.
Final Answer: Anita Ghai is the scholar of disability issues. This is option 3. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 3}} \]
Question 27:
A person is forced to leave his job because of his colleagues' persisting comments about his religious and ethnic identity as inferior. What is he a victim of?
(A) Casteism
(B) Communalism
(C) Regionalism
(D) Secularism
Correct Answer: (B) Communalism
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept: Communalism is an attitude in which people see their own religious or ethnic group as superior and look down on or hate other groups. It shows up as prejudice and harassment on the basis of religion. The question describes a worker driven out because colleagues called his religion and ethnic identity inferior.
Step 2: Check option (A). Casteism is discrimination based on caste. The case talks about religion and ethnic identity, not caste. So this option is wrong.
Step 3: Check option (B). The comments target his religious and ethnic identity and treat it as inferior. This is communal prejudice. So this option is correct.
Step 4: Check option (C). Regionalism is a strong feeling for one's own region, often against other regions or the nation. Nothing here is about region. So this option is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (D). Secularism means the state treats all religions equally. It is a principle that protects people, not a thing that victimises them. So this option is wrong.
Final Answer: The man is a victim of communalism. This is option 2. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 2}} \]
Question 28:
Which of the following is an example of non-market exchange system?
(A) Hundi system
(B) Weekly haats
(C) Nakarattars system
(D) Jajmani system
Correct Answer: (D) Jajmani system
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept: Exchange does not always happen through money and open markets. In a non-market exchange, goods and services move through social ties such as caste and hereditary duty, not through price and competition. The jajmani system of rural India is the standard example. We must separate it from market based systems.
Step 2: Check option (A). The hundi is a written credit note used by traders to move money. It works inside commercial trade. So it is a market instrument and this option is wrong.
Step 3: Check option (B). Weekly haats are periodic village markets where buyers and sellers meet and trade goods. They are a market form. So this option is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (C). The Nakarattars were a trading and banking community of Tamil Nadu. They ran money lending and trade as a business. So this is market activity and the option is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (D). In the jajmani system, families of service castes such as barbers, potters and carpenters give goods or services to landowning families and get a share of grain or other things in return. This is based on hereditary caste ties and not on price. So this option is correct.
Final Answer: Jajmani is the non-market exchange system. This is option 4. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 4}} \]
Question 29:
Identify the nature of the family structure consisting of more than two brothers, each with their own families, living together.
(A) Nuclear
(B) Extended
(C) Matrilocal
(D) Patrilocal
Correct Answer: (B) Extended
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept: Families are classified by their structure and by where the couple lives. A nuclear family has parents and their unmarried children. An extended or joint family has several related couples and their children living together. Here more than two brothers live together, each with a wife and children, which makes a larger group than a nuclear family.
Step 2: Check option (A). A nuclear family has only one couple and their children. Here several brothers each have their own family in the same home. So this option is wrong.
Step 3: Check option (B). An extended family has more than one married couple of the same kin group living together, such as brothers with their families. This matches the description. So this option is correct.
Step 4: Check option (C). Matrilocal is a rule of residence in which the couple lives with or near the wife's family. It does not describe the structure of brothers living together. So this option is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (D). Patrilocal is a rule of residence in which the couple lives with the husband's family. It tells us where the couple lives, not the structure of the group of brothers. So this option is wrong.
Final Answer: The structure is an extended family. This is option 2. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 2}} \]
Question 30:
Which of the following is a credit instrument in market systems?
(A) Hundi
(B) Nakarattar
(C) Jajmani
(D) Haat
Correct Answer: (A) Hundi
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept: A credit instrument is a written promise or order to pay money later. Traders in India used such papers to move money safely over long distances without carrying cash. The hundi is the traditional Indian credit instrument. We compare it with a community, an exchange system and a market place.
Step 2: Check option (A). A hundi is a written note, like a bill of exchange, that lets a person deposit money in one place and have it paid in another place. It is a classic credit instrument used by merchants and bankers. So this option is correct.
Step 3: Check option (B). Nakarattar is the name of a trading and banking community of Tamil Nadu. It is a group of people, not an instrument. So this option is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (C). Jajmani is a system of hereditary service and grain exchange between castes in villages. It is not a credit paper. So this option is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (D). A haat is a weekly village market where goods are bought and sold. It is a place, not a credit instrument. So this option is wrong.
Final Answer: The hundi is the credit instrument. This is option 1. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 1}} \]
Question 31:
Which of the following refers to the situation where a large cohort of women of reproductive age will fuel population growth over the next generation, even if each woman has fewer children than previous generations did?
(A) Demographic Transition
(B) Population Momentum
(C) Crude Death Rate
(D) Crude Birth Rate
Correct Answer: (B) Population Momentum
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept: Population can keep growing for decades even after women start having fewer children. This happens when a big group of young people is just entering the childbearing years. The idea has a special name in demography. We match the description with the right term.
Step 2: Check option (A). Demographic transition is the long shift of a society from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it develops. It describes a stage by stage change, not this effect of a large young cohort. So this option is wrong.
Step 3: Check option (B). Population momentum is the tendency of a population to keep growing after fertility falls, because a large number of young women are entering reproductive age. This is exactly the situation described. So this option is correct.
Step 4: Check option (C). Crude death rate is the number of deaths per thousand people in a year. It does not describe a growth effect from a young cohort. So this option is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (D). Crude birth rate is the number of births per thousand people in a year. It is a simple measure, not the name of the effect described. So this option is wrong.
Final Answer: The situation is called population momentum. This is option 2. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 2}} \]
Question 32:
Which of the following is NOT true in the context of the Marwaris (business community) of India?
(A) They became successful business community during colonial period.
(B) They took advantage while settling in colonial cities such as Calcutta.
(C) Their accumulated wealth had a negative impact on the commercial expansion of the British in India.
(D) They transformed themselves into modern industrialists.
Correct Answer: (C) Their accumulated wealth had a negative impact on the commercial expansion of the British in India.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept: The Marwaris are a trading community from Rajasthan. During colonial rule many moved to cities such as Calcutta, worked as traders and moneylenders, and later became industrialists. In a NOT true question, three statements are correct and one is false. We look for the false one.
Step 2: Check option (A). Marwaris did rise as a strong business community in the colonial period, using the new trade networks. So this statement is true and cannot be the answer.
Step 3: Check option (B). They settled in colonial cities, especially Calcutta, and gained from the trade and credit opportunities there. So this statement is true and cannot be the answer.
Step 4: Check option (C). Their wealth did not harm British commerce. They worked alongside British firms as brokers and financiers, and their money helped trade grow. So the claim of a negative impact is false. This option is the answer.
Step 5: Check option (D). Many Marwari families moved from trade and money lending into modern industry such as jute mills, and some became large industrialists. So this statement is true and cannot be the answer.
Final Answer: The statement that is NOT true is option 3. \[ \boxed{\text{Option 3}} \]
Question 33:
What was the purpose of Government of India Act of 1935?
(A) To classify "Other Backward Classes" as a constitutional category.
(B) To promote research on the social hierarchy of castes.
(C) To ensure caste identities become more fluid.
(D) To give legal recognition to the schedule of 'castes' and 'tribes'.
Correct Answer: (D) To give legal recognition to the schedule of 'castes' and 'tribes'.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
The question asks what the Government of India Act of 1935 was meant to do about caste and tribe. It is a fact based question from the chapter on caste and tribe in colonial India.
Step 2: Recall the key fact:
The 1935 Act prepared a list, called a schedule, of castes and tribes that were treated as the most disadvantaged. These groups got the names Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Constitution later took over this idea.
Step 3: Check option (1):
The category of Other Backward Classes was given constitutional form much later, after Independence, through the Constitution and later commissions. The 1935 Act did not do this. So option (1) is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (2):
The Act was a law on governance. It was not an act to encourage research on the caste hierarchy. Census work and surveys did study caste, but that is a different thing. So option (2) is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (3):
Listing castes in a legal schedule made caste identity firmer and more fixed, not more fluid. So option (3) is wrong.
Step 6: Check option (4):
This matches the fact. The Act gave legal recognition to the schedule of castes and tribes. So option (4) is RIGHT.
Final Answer:
The Act of 1935 gave legal status to the schedule of castes and tribes. The answer is option (4).
Question 34:
Which of the following statements indicate that disability is a social category?
(A) There are linkages between poverty and disability.
(B) There are linkages between past life and disability.
(C) There are linkages between disability and climate change.
(D) There are linkages between individual ability and disability.
Correct Answer: (A) There are linkages between poverty and disability.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
The question asks which statement shows that disability is a social category. A social category means disability is shaped by society, such as income, work, and living conditions, and not only by the body of one person.
Step 2: Key idea:
Sociologists say that disability is not just a personal medical problem. Poverty and disability feed each other. Poor people face poor health care and risky work, so they have a higher chance of becoming disabled. Disabled people also find it hard to get jobs, so they stay poor.
Step 3: Check option (1):
A link between poverty and disability is a social link. It shows that society, money and opportunity are part of the story. So option (1) is RIGHT.
Step 4: Check option (2):
The idea of a past life is a religious or cultural belief, and it blames the person. It does not show disability as a social category. So option (2) is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (3):
A link with climate change is an environmental matter and is not the standard argument for disability as a social category. So option (3) is wrong.
Step 6: Check option (4):
A link with individual ability treats disability as a personal limit of one body. That is the medical or individual view, which is the opposite of the social view. So option (4) is wrong.
Final Answer:
The poverty and disability link shows disability as a social category. The answer is option (1).
Question 35:
Which of the following is true about apartheid in British South Africa? A. Black protesters were routinely jailed, murdered and tortured. B. While landownership was denied to the blacks, mixed marriages were allowed. C. Blacks earned only one-fourth of what the whites did. D. Black people were relocated to poor districts called 'Bantustans' or homelands.
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
(A) A, B and D only
(B) A, B and C only
(C) A, C and D only
(D) B, C and D only
Correct Answer: (C) A, C and D only
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
Four statements (A to D) are given about apartheid, the system of racial separation in South Africa. We must find which statements are true and then choose the option that lists exactly those.
Step 2: Background:
Apartheid was a system of strict racial rules. It kept black people poor and without rights. It controlled where they could live, work and marry.
Step 3: Check statement A:
Protest against apartheid was crushed by force. Many black protesters were jailed, tortured or killed. So A is TRUE.
Step 4: Check statement B:
Land was denied to black people, but mixed marriages were not allowed. Apartheid laws banned marriage across races. So the part about allowing mixed marriages is wrong, and B is FALSE.
Step 5: Check statement C:
Black workers earned only a fraction of white earnings, about one-fourth, as the textbook states. So C is TRUE.
Step 6: Check statement D:
Black people were moved to poor reserved areas called Bantustans or homelands. So D is TRUE.
Step 7: Match with the options:
True statements are A, C and D. Option 1 includes B, so it is wrong. Option 2 includes B, so it is wrong. Option 4 leaves out A and includes B, so it is wrong. Option 3 lists A, C and D only, so it is RIGHT.
Final Answer:
The true statements are A, C and D. The answer is option (3).
Question 36:
Match the LIST-I with LIST-II
LIST-I (Concept)
LIST-II (Explanation)
A. Prejudice
I. Individuals are cut off from full involvment in a wider society.
B. Stratification
II. Disqualifying members of one group from the opportunities that are open to others.
C. Exclusion
III. Pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another
D. Discrimination
IV. A hierarchical arrangements of groups and communities in a society
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
(B) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(C) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(D) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Correct Answer: (D) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
We must match four concepts of social inequality with their meanings. Each concept in List I has exactly one explanation in List II.
Step 2: Match A, Prejudice:
Prejudice means a pre-conceived opinion or attitude that members of one group hold about another group. This is explanation III. So A matches III.
Step 3: Match B, Stratification:
Stratification means that groups and communities are arranged in a ranked order, like layers, in society. This is explanation IV. So B matches IV.
Step 4: Match C, Exclusion:
Exclusion means that people are cut off from full involvement in the wider society. This is explanation I. So C matches I.
Step 5: Match D, Discrimination:
Discrimination is an action, not just an attitude. It disqualifies members of one group from opportunities that others enjoy. This is explanation II. So D matches II.
Step 6: Check the options:
The matching is A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II. Option 1 gives A-I, which is wrong. Option 2 gives B-I, which is wrong. Option 3 gives A-IV, which is wrong. Option 4 gives A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II, which is RIGHT.
Final Answer:
The correct matching is A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II. The answer is option (4).
Question 37:
What is the opposite of religious chauvinism and do not imply hostility to the religion?
(A) Communalism
(B) Secularism
(C) Regionalism
(D) Nationalism
Correct Answer: (B) Secularism
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
The question asks for the idea that stands against religious chauvinism, without being hostile to religion itself.
Step 2: Key terms:
Religious chauvinism, or communalism, is an aggressive feeling that one's own religion is better than others and that other religions are a threat. Secularism, in the Indian sense, means equal respect for all religions and a state that does not favour one faith. It is not against religion.
Step 3: Check option (1):
Communalism is the same thing as religious chauvinism. It is not the opposite. So option (1) is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (2):
Secularism is the opposite of communalism, and it does not show enmity to religion. It asks for equal respect. So option (2) is RIGHT.
Step 5: Check option (3):
Regionalism means strong attachment to a region. It has no link with religion. So option (3) is wrong.
Step 6: Check option (4):
Nationalism means loyalty to the nation. It is not the direct opposite of religious chauvinism. So option (4) is wrong.
Final Answer:
Secularism is the answer, because it is the opposite of religious chauvinism and is not hostile to religion. The answer is option (2).
Question 38:
The assimilation and integration policies tend to focus on
(A) Accomodating heterogeneous and hybrid identity of populations.
(B) Adopting the symbols and heroes of minority groups.
(C) Forcing all citizens to adopt a uniform set of cultural values and norms.
(D) Decentralising powers and autonomy so that it spreads to minority groups too.
Correct Answer: (C) Forcing all citizens to adopt a uniform set of cultural values and norms.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question is about how a state deals with cultural diversity. Two common approaches are assimilation and integration. Both try to bring minority groups into one common national culture.
Step 2: Key Idea:
In assimilation and integration, the state wants one shared set of values, language and norms for all citizens. Minority cultures are expected to blend into the dominant culture, and public life is not allowed to carry separate group identities.
Step 3: Check option 1.
Accommodating mixed and hybrid identities is the aim of pluralist or multicultural policies, which respect difference. Assimilation does the opposite. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
Taking up the symbols and heroes of minority groups would give those groups a place in national life. Assimilation policies usually promote the symbols of the majority culture instead. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
This matches the idea well. The state pushes every citizen towards one uniform set of cultural values and norms, and this is how assimilation and integration policies work. So option 3 is right.
Step 6: Check option 4.
Spreading power and autonomy to minority groups is decentralisation or federal accommodation, a way of recognising difference. It is not the focus of assimilation. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Assimilation and integration push all citizens towards one uniform culture. This is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3}} \]
Question 39:
Which is the non-state and non-market part of public domain in which individuals get together voluntarily to create institutions and organizations?
(A) Society
(B) Social Organization
(C) Civil Society
(D) Social Institution
Correct Answer: (C) Civil Society
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
The public domain has three parts in sociology: the state, the market, and a third space that belongs to neither. The question asks for the name of this third space.
Step 2: Key Idea:
Civil society is the part of public life that is outside the state and outside the market. People join it voluntarily and form groups such as NGOs, associations, clubs and movements.
Step 3: Check option 1.
Society means the whole web of social relationships. It includes the state and the market too, so it is not the non-state, non-market part. Option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
Social organization means the way groups and roles are arranged. It is a general term and not a special part of the public domain. Option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
This matches the definition exactly. Civil society is voluntary, and it stands apart from state and market. Option 3 is right.
Step 6: Check option 4.
A social institution is an established set of norms and roles, such as family or marriage. It is not the voluntary space the question describes. Option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The voluntary space outside state and market is civil society, option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3}} \]
Question 40:
Match the LIST-I with LIST-II
LIST-I (Social Movement)
LIST-II (Key feature)
A.
Chipko Movement
I.
Linkage between women and agrarian concerns
B.
Old Social Movement
II.
Right to self-determination
C.
Telengana Movement
III.
Linkage between women and environmental concerns.
D.
Dalit Movement
IV.
Re-organisation of power relations.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(B) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(C) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(D) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Correct Answer: (D) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
This is a matching question on social movements. We pair each movement in List I with its key feature in List II, using what we know about each movement.
Step 2: Match A, the Chipko Movement.
Chipko was a movement of hill villagers, many of them women, who hugged trees to stop felling. It linked women with environmental concerns. So A matches III.
Step 3: Match B, the Old Social Movement.
Old social movements such as the labour movement aimed to change who holds power in society, so their key feature is the re-organisation of power relations. So B matches IV.
Step 4: Match C, the Telangana Movement.
The Telangana peasant struggle was about land and agrarian relations, and women took a big part in it. So C matches I, the link between women and agrarian concerns.
Step 5: Match D, the Dalit Movement.
The Dalit movement demands dignity, equality and the right to decide their own lives, which fits the right to self-determination. So D matches II.
Step 6: Compare with the options.
We have A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II. Option 1 has A-II, which is wrong. Option 2 has A-IV, which is wrong. Option 3 has A-III but B-II, which is wrong. Option 4 matches all four pairs.
Final Answer:
The correct matching is A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II, which is option 4.
\[ \boxed{\text{A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II}} \]
Question 41:
The term liberalisation in the Indian context refers to policies introduced after which year?
(A) 1991
(B) 1995
(C) 1981
(D) 1985
Correct Answer: (A) 1991
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the year from which the Indian state began its liberalisation policies. The passage gives this date in its first paragraph.
Step 2: Find it in the passage.
The passage says the policy decisions to open up the economy to the world market were taken from 1991. It also speaks of reforms from July 1991.
Step 3: Check option 1 (1991).
This is the year the passage gives, so it is correct.
Step 4: Check option 2 (1995).
1995 is when the World Trade Organization was formed. It is not the start of India's liberalisation, so it is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3 (1981).
The passage does not say this. In the 1980s the economy was still largely controlled, so it is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4 (1985).
This is also before the reforms began. The break with state control came in 1991, so it is wrong.
Final Answer:
Liberalisation in India began in 1991, option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1}} \]
Question 42:
Which of the following best describes liberalisation of the economy?
(A) Creation of new government-owned industries.
(B) Expansion of rural employment guarantees.
(C) Removal of restrictions on trade and financial flow.
(D) Increasing taxation on foreign companies.
Correct Answer: (C) Removal of restrictions on trade and financial flow.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We need the option that best describes what liberalisation of the economy means, using the idea given in the passage.
Step 2: Key point from the passage.
The passage says liberalisation meant the steady removal of rules that controlled Indian trade and finance.
Step 3: Check option 1.
New government-owned industries mean more state control. Liberalisation reduced state control, so this is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
Rural employment guarantees are a welfare measure. They have no link with opening up trade and finance, so this is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
Removing restrictions on trade and financial flow is the same as removing rules on trade and finance. This is right.
Step 6: Check option 4.
Higher tax on foreign firms would discourage them and protect local business. That is the older protectionist approach, so this is wrong.
Final Answer:
Liberalisation means removing restrictions on trade and finance, option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3}} \]
Question 43:
What was one major shift caused by the economic reforms of 1991?
(A) Greater state ownership of farms.
(B) Increased control of the government over private trade.
(C) Restrictions on foreign investment.
(D) Opening Indian markets to international competition.
Correct Answer: (D) Opening Indian markets to international competition.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks what major change the 1991 reforms brought, and the passage says they opened up the economy to the world market.
Step 2: Key point from the passage.
Earlier, the state protected Indian business from global competition. The reforms broke with that policy and aimed at integration into the global market.
Step 3: Check option 1.
The passage does not mention any rise in state ownership of farms. Agriculture was only one sector that saw reform, so this is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
More government control over private trade is the old policy that the reforms ended. So this is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
Restrictions on foreign investment were eased, not added. Foreign investment is named as a reformed area, so this is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4.
Opening Indian markets to international competition is the main shift described. This is right.
Final Answer:
The major shift was opening Indian markets to global competition, option 4.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 4}} \]
Question 44:
Liberalisation measures, are also called economic reforms because
(A) They were only related to taxation.
(B) They restructured all major sectors of the economy.
(C) They changed only the public sector.
(D) They benefited only multinational companies.
Correct Answer: (B) They restructured all major sectors of the economy.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks why liberalisation measures are also called economic reforms. A reform means a wide change that reshapes something.
Step 2: Key point from the passage.
The passage says that since July 1991 there were reforms in all major sectors, such as agriculture, industry, trade, foreign investment, technology, public sector and financial institutions.
Step 3: Check option 1.
The passage lists many sectors, not only tax. So this is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
The reforms covered all the main sectors of the economy, which is why they are called reforms. This is right.
Step 5: Check option 3.
The public sector is only one item in the list. So saying only the public sector changed is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4.
The passage says the aim was benefit to the Indian economy as a whole, not only to multinational firms. So this is wrong.
Final Answer:
They are called reforms because they restructured all major sectors, option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2}} \]
Question 45:
If India had continued its pre-1991 protectionist policies, which scenario would most likely occur?
(A) Faster inflow of foreign investment.
(B) Easy competition with global companies.
(C) Increased openness to the global market.
(D) Domestic industries shielded from international competition.
Correct Answer: (D) Domestic industries shielded from international competition.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks what would have happened if India had kept the old protectionist approach. We need to recall what protectionism did.
Step 2: Key point from the passage.
Before 1991 many laws protected the Indian market and Indian business from competition from the wider world.
Step 3: Check option 1.
Foreign investment grows when doors are opened. Protection keeps outsiders out, so this is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
Easy competition with global firms would need open markets. Under protection it would be hard, so this is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
Openness to the global market is liberalisation, which is the opposite of the protectionist policy. So this is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4.
Shielding home industries from international competition is exactly what protectionism does. This is right.
Final Answer:
Continued protectionism would keep domestic industry shielded, option 4.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 4}} \]
Question 46:
After 1990, the mass media was shaped by which phenomenon?
(A) Globalization
(B) Liberalization
(C) Modernization
(D) Secularization
Correct Answer: (A) Globalization
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question: The passage says that in the period after 1990 the market has a key role in shaping mass media, and it calls this period one of globalisation. We must pick the phenomenon that the passage links with that period.
Step 2: Check option (A). The passage describes the post 1990 period as one of globalisation, when the market plays a key role in media. This matches the question directly. So (A) is CORRECT.
Step 3: Check option (B). Liberalization means opening the economy by cutting state controls. It is a related policy, but the passage does not use this word for the post 1990 media. So (B) is not the phenomenon named and is WRONG here.
Step 4: Check option (C). Modernization is a broad process of social change linked with industrial and scientific growth. The passage does not tie post 1990 media to it. So (C) is WRONG.
Step 5: Check option (D). Secularization is the decline of the hold of religion in public life. The passage says nothing about it in this context. So (D) is WRONG.
Final Answer: The passage ties the post 1990 media to globalisation, so the answer is option 1, Globalization.
Question 47:
How is mass communication different from other means of communication?
(A) It requires a larger target audience.
(B) It requires formal structural organization.
(C) It requires specific skills.
(D) It requires special training.
Correct Answer: (B) It requires formal structural organization.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question: The passage gives four points. The third point says mass communication differs from other means because it needs a formal structural organisation to meet large scale capital, production and management demands. We match this with the options.
Step 2: Check option (A). A bigger audience is a result of mass communication, but the passage does not give it as the point of difference. So (A) is WRONG.
Step 3: Check option (B). The passage says mass communication requires a formal structural organisation to meet large scale capital, production and management needs. This is exactly option 2. So (B) is CORRECT.
Step 4: Check option (C). Specific skills are not mentioned in the passage as the point of difference. So (C) is WRONG.
Step 5: Check option (D). Special training is also not stated in the passage as the point of difference. So (D) is WRONG.
Final Answer: Mass communication needs a formal structural organisation, so the answer is option 2.
Question 48:
What is the relationship between mass media and communication?
(A) Dialectical
(B) Paradoxical
(C) Relational
(D) Differential
Correct Answer: (A) Dialectical
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question: The passage states that the relationship between mass media and communication with society is dialectical, because both influence each other. The word to find is in that sentence.
Step 2: Check option (A). The passage uses the word dialectical and explains that both sides influence each other. So (A) is CORRECT.
Step 3: Check option (B). Paradoxical means self contradictory. The passage does not describe the relationship that way. So (B) is WRONG.
Step 4: Check option (C). Relational is a vague word that is not used in the passage for this idea. So (C) is WRONG.
Step 5: Check option (D). Differential is not used for this relationship in the passage. So (D) is WRONG.
Final Answer: The relationship is dialectical, which is option 1.
Question 49:
The Digital Divide can be understood as
(A) The feasibility of different groups' use of technology.
(B) The connection between local and global technology.
(C) The ability to divide the use of different technology.
(D) The ability to use different languages in technology.
Correct Answer: (A) The feasibility of different groups' use of technology.
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question: The passage ends with the point that people from different sections of society differ sharply in how easily they can use mass media. The digital divide is the same idea applied to technology: unequal access and use between groups.
Step 2: Check option (A). This says that different groups differ in how feasible it is for them to use technology. It matches the idea of unequal access between groups. So (A) is CORRECT.
Step 3: Check option (B). A link between local and global technology is about connectivity, not about unequal access between groups. So (B) is WRONG.
Step 4: Check option (C). The ability to divide the use of technology is a meaningless twist of the word divide. So (C) is WRONG.
Step 5: Check option (D). Language use in technology is only one small matter and does not define the divide. So (D) is WRONG.
Final Answer: The digital divide is the unequal feasibility of technology use among groups, option 1.
Question 50:
Who are the target audience of most soap operas?
(A) women
(B) children
(C) teenagers
(D) masses
Correct Answer: (A) women
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question: In the sociology chapter on mass media, television soap operas are described as serials made mainly with women viewers in mind, because they are watched at home during the day and deal with family and domestic themes.
Step 2: Check option (A). Most soap operas are aimed at women, especially those who are at home in the daytime. So (A) is CORRECT.
Step 3: Check option (B). Children have their own cartoon and learning programmes, so they are not the main target of soaps. So (B) is WRONG.
Step 4: Check option (C). Teenagers are targeted more by youth music and reality shows than by soaps. So (C) is WRONG.
Step 5: Check option (D). "Masses" is too general. Soaps are shaped around a specific group, not everyone. So (D) is WRONG.
Final Answer: Soap operas are mainly meant for women, which is option 1.
Which of the following is true about apartheid in British South Africa? A. Black protesters were routinely jailed, murdered and tortured. B. While landownership was denied to the blacks, mixed marriages were allowed. C. Blacks earned only one-fourth of what the whites did. D. Black people were relocated to poor districts called 'Bantustans' or homelands.
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