Which of the following is the decadent phase of the Harappan Civilization?
(A) 1900 BCE - 1300 BCE
(B) 2600 BCE - 1900 BCE
(C) 3000 BCE - 1300 BCE
(D) 3500 BCE - 2600 BCE
Correct Answer: (A) 1900 BCE - 1300 BCE
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the time span of the decadent (declining) phase of the Harappan Civilization. Historians divide the civilization into phases: Early Harappan, Mature Harappan and Late Harappan. The decadent phase is the Late Harappan phase.
Step 2: Key Approach:
Recall the standard dating used in NCERT Themes in Indian History, Part I. Early Harappan is about 3500 BCE to 2600 BCE. Mature Harappan is about 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Late Harappan is about 1900 BCE to 1300 BCE.
Step 3: Check option 1:
The span 1900 BCE - 1300 BCE matches the Late Harappan phase. In this period the big cities declined, planned towns were given up and the script and seals went out of use. So option 1 is correct.
Step 4: Check option 2:
The span 2600 BCE - 1900 BCE is the Mature Harappan phase, when the cities were at their peak. It is the flourishing phase, not the decadent one. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3:
The span 3000 BCE - 1300 BCE covers the whole life of the culture from early to late stages. It is not one phase, so option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4:
The span 3500 BCE - 2600 BCE is the Early Harappan phase, when villages and small towns were growing. It came before the cities, so option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The decadent phase of the Harappan Civilization is the Late Harappan phase, 1900 BCE - 1300 BCE. This is option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1: 1900 BCE - 1300 BCE}} \]
Question 2:
Archaeo-botanists are specialised in .
(A) Ancient animal remains
(B) Ancient plant remains
(C) Ancient aquatic-animal remains
(D) Ancient human remains
Correct Answer: (B) Ancient plant remains
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks what an archaeo-botanist studies. The word has two parts: archaeo means ancient things dug up by archaeologists, and botany is the science of plants.
Step 2: Key Approach:
In NCERT Themes in Indian History, specialists who study remains found at a site are named by the type of remains. Archaeo-botanists study grains and plants, and archaeo-zoologists study animal bones.
Step 3: Check option 1:
Ancient animal remains are studied by archaeo-zoologists (also called faunal specialists). So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2:
Archaeo-botanists study ancient plant remains such as charred grains, seeds and pollen. This tells us what crops people grew and ate. So option 2 is correct.
Step 5: Check option 3:
Fish and other aquatic animal remains are also part of the work of archaeo-zoologists, not botanists. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Human remains such as skeletons are studied by physical anthropologists or bio-archaeologists. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Archaeo-botanists specialise in ancient plant remains. This is option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: Ancient plant remains}} \]
Question 3:
Terracotta-models of the 'plough' have been found at which sites?
(A) Manda and Shortughai
(B) Daimabad and Rangpur
(C) Cholistan and Banawali
(D) Lothal and Nageshwar
Correct Answer: (C) Cholistan and Banawali
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks where small clay (terracotta) models of a plough were found. These models show that Harappans knew the plough and used it in farming.
Step 2: Key Approach:
Recall NCERT Themes in Indian History, Part I, on Harappan agriculture. It says that terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and at Banawali in Haryana. A bull-drawn plough was probably used to turn the soil.
Step 3: Check option 1:
Manda is in Jammu and Shortughai is in Afghanistan. Shortughai is known for lapis lazuli trade, and neither is noted for plough models. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2:
Daimabad in Maharashtra is known for bronze items and Rangpur in Gujarat for rice husks and late Harappan finds. Neither is the site for plough models. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3:
Cholistan (in Pakistan) and Banawali (in Haryana) are the sites named in the textbook for terracotta plough models. So option 3 is correct.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Lothal in Gujarat is known for its dockyard and Nageshwar for shell working. Neither is the site for plough models. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Terracotta plough models were found at Cholistan and Banawali. This is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3: Cholistan and Banawali}} \]
Question 4:
Who was the first professional archaeologist to bring his experience of working in Greece and Crete to the field in India?
(A) R.E.M. Wheeler
(B) John Marshall
(C) G.F. Dales
(D) Alexander Cunningham
Correct Answer: (B) John Marshall
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We must find the first trained, professional archaeologist who had earlier worked in Greece and Crete and then worked in India. He became Director-General of the ASI in 1902.
Step 2: Key Approach:
Recall the history of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Cunningham started it in 1861 as an amateur with an army background. The first professional with Mediterranean field experience came later.
Step 3: Check option 1:
R.E.M. Wheeler became Director-General of the ASI in 1944. He introduced stratigraphic digging and trained many Indians, but he came after Marshall. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2:
John Marshall became Director-General in 1902. He had worked in Greece and Crete before coming to India, and the Harappan sites were announced in his time. So option 2 is correct.
Step 5: Check option 3:
G.F. Dales was an American archaeologist who worked at Mohenjodaro and Balakot in the 1960s. He was not the first professional in India. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Alexander Cunningham was the first Director-General of the ASI (1861) and was an army engineer by training, not a professional archaeologist from Greece or Crete. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
John Marshall was the first professional archaeologist to bring Greek and Cretan experience to India. This is option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: John Marshall}} \]
Question 5:
Identify the correct statements in terms of 'Mohenjodaro: as planned urban centre': A. The Lower Town at Mohenjodaro provides examples of residential buildings. B. There are no windows in the walls along the ground level. C. What is also interesting is an apparent no concern for privacy. D. Every house had its own bathroom paved with bricks. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B and D only
(B) A, B and C only
(C) A, B, C and D
(D) B, C and D only
Correct Answer: (A) A, B and D only
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We must pick the statements that are true about Mohenjodaro as a planned city. Mohenjodaro had a Citadel on the west and a Lower Town on the east.
Step 2: Key Approach:
Use NCERT Themes in Indian History, Part I, section on Mohenjodaro as a planned urban centre. Check each statement against what the text says.
Step 3: Check statement A:
The Lower Town was a residential area. It has examples of houses built around courtyards. So A is TRUE.
Step 4: Check statement B:
The walls on the ground level of the houses had no windows facing the street. This is a known feature. So B is TRUE.
Step 5: Check statement C:
The textbook says it is interesting that there was an apparent CONCERN for privacy, because the ground-level walls had no windows and the main entrance did not give a direct view of the interior. The statement says no concern for privacy, which is the opposite. So C is FALSE.
Step 6: Check statement D:
Every house had its own bathroom paved with bricks, and the drains of the bathrooms were connected to the street drains. So D is TRUE.
Step 7: Combine:
The true statements are A, B and D only. This is option 1. Option 2 includes the false C, option 3 includes C, and option 4 includes C and leaves out A.
Final Answer:
Statements A, B and D are correct and C is incorrect. This is option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1: A, B and D only}} \]
Question 6:
Match the LIST-I with LIST-II:
No.
LIST-I (Associations)
No.
LIST-II (Term/Name/Place)
A.
The study of DNA of ancient population
I.
Mohenjodaro
B.
The first Director-General of the ASI
II.
Shamans
C.
The stone statue of 'Priest-king'
III.
Alexander Cunningham
D.
Men and women who claim magical and healing powers
IV.
Archaeogenetics
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV
(B) A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV
(C) A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II
(D) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
Correct Answer: (C) A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We must match each item in List-I with the right term in List-II. There are four pairs and each option gives one full set of pairings.
Step 2: Match A:
The study of DNA of ancient populations is called archaeogenetics. So A matches IV.
Step 3: Match B:
The first Director-General of the ASI, appointed in 1861, was Alexander Cunningham. So B matches III.
Step 4: Match C:
The famous stone statue called the Priest-king was found at Mohenjodaro. So C matches I.
Step 5: Match D:
Men and women who claim magical and healing powers are known as shamans. So D matches II.
Step 6: Compare with the options:
The full set is A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II. Option 1 pairs A with I, which is wrong. Option 2 pairs A with I as well, which is wrong. Option 4 pairs A with III, which is wrong. Only option 3 gives the correct set.
Final Answer:
The correct matching is A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II. This is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3: A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II}} \]
Question 7:
Which of the following evidence shows that the Harappans believed in the afterlife?
(A) Metal Figurines and Vessels
(B) Great Bath and Docks
(C) Pottery and Ornaments
(D) Massive Pyramids
Correct Answer: (C) Pottery and Ornaments
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks which finding suggests that the Harappans believed in life after death. Such a belief is usually inferred from the way the dead were buried.
Step 2: Key Approach:
NCERT says that the dead were generally laid in pits. Sometimes they were buried with pottery and ornaments, and this suggests a belief that the items could be used in the afterlife.
Step 3: Check option 1:
Metal figurines and vessels were made for daily use, trade or art. They are not tied to burials in the textbook's argument. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2:
The Great Bath and docks were public structures. The Great Bath was probably used for ritual bathing, and the dock was for ships at Lothal. They do not show belief in afterlife. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3:
Pottery and ornaments, such as jewellery, were placed in graves with the dead. This is the evidence for belief in an afterlife. So option 3 is correct.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Massive pyramids belong to ancient Egypt, where they were royal tombs. No such pyramids were built by the Harappans. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Pottery and ornaments buried with the dead point to belief in an afterlife. This is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3: Pottery and Ornaments}} \]
Question 8:
Arrange the following early-states from north to south: A. Ashmaka B. Matsya C. Gandhara D. Avanti
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B, C, D
(B) A, B, D, C
(C) B, A, C, D
(D) C, B, D, A
Correct Answer: (D) C, B, D, A
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The four names are early states (janapadas and mahajanapadas) of the period from about the sixth century BCE. We must place them in order from the northernmost to the southernmost. So we need the rough location of each state on the map of the subcontinent.
Step 2: Locate Gandhara (C):
Gandhara lay in the far north-west, around Peshawar and Rawalpindi, with Taxila as a major city. This is the most northern of the four.
Step 3: Locate Matsya (B):
Matsya was in eastern Rajasthan, in the region around Jaipur and Alwar. It lies well south of Gandhara but north of central India.
Step 4: Locate Avanti (D):
Avanti was in the Malwa region of central India, with Ujjain as its capital. Ujjain is south of Rajasthan, so Avanti comes after Matsya.
Step 5: Locate Ashmaka (A):
Ashmaka lay on the Godavari river in the Deccan. It is the southernmost of the four early states.
Step 6: Write the order:
North to south the order is Gandhara, Matsya, Avanti, Ashmaka. That is C, B, D, A.
Step 7: Check option 1 (A, B, C, D):
This starts with Ashmaka, a southern state, and ends with Avanti. It reverses the real order, so option 1 is wrong.
Step 8: Check option 2 (A, B, D, C):
This also starts with Ashmaka and puts Gandhara last. Gandhara is the northernmost, so option 2 is wrong.
Step 9: Check option 3 (B, A, C, D):
This puts Matsya first and Ashmaka second. Gandhara is further north than Matsya and Ashmaka is the furthest south, so option 3 is wrong.
Step 10: Check option 4 (C, B, D, A):
This matches the order we found: Gandhara, Matsya, Avanti, Ashmaka. So option 4 is correct.
Final Answer:
The correct north to south order is Gandhara, Matsya, Avanti, Ashmaka, which is option 4.
\[ \boxed{4} \]
Question 9:
Which rulers issued the largest hoards of gold coins in the c.first-century CE?
(A) Mauryas
(B) Guptas
(C) Shakas
(D) Kushanas
Correct Answer: (D) Kushanas
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks which dynasty issued gold coins in very large numbers around the first century CE. The time is important, because several dynasties issued gold coins at different periods.
Step 2: Recall the background:
Gold coins in large numbers were first issued by the Kushana kings, who ruled north-west and north India in the first centuries CE. Their gold coins were widely found in hoards and had a high purity.
Step 3: Check option 1 (Mauryas):
The Mauryas ruled from about the fourth to the second century BCE. They are known for punch-marked silver coins, not gold hoards. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2 (Guptas):
The Guptas issued many fine gold coins, but they ruled from the fourth to the sixth century CE. That is much later than the first century CE. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3 (Shakas):
The Shakas (Indo-Scythians) were rulers of the north-west and western India around that time. They are mostly linked with silver and copper coins, not the largest gold hoards. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4 (Kushanas):
The Kushanas match both the time and the gold coinage. So option 4 is correct.
Final Answer:
The Kushanas issued the largest hoards of gold coins in the first century CE, which is option 4.
\[ \boxed{4} \]
Question 10:
Identify the scripts which were deciphered by James Prinsep in 1830s?
(A) Pali and Greek
(B) Prakrit and Gurumukhi
(C) Brahmi and Kharosthi
(D) Roman and Sanskrit
Correct Answer: (C) Brahmi and Kharosthi
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
James Prinsep was an officer of the East India Company and a scholar in Calcutta. The question asks about the scripts he deciphered in the 1830s.
Step 2: Recall the facts:
Prinsep deciphered two ancient scripts found on Ashokan inscriptions and early coins. These are Brahmi, written from left to right, and Kharosthi, written from right to left. Their decipherment opened up the early history of India.
Step 3: Check option 1 (Pali and Greek):
Pali and Greek are languages, not the two scripts he cracked. Greek was already known. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2 (Prakrit and Gurumukhi):
Prakrit is a language and Gurumukhi is a later script of Punjab that was never lost. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3 (Brahmi and Kharosthi):
This pair is exactly what Prinsep deciphered. So option 3 is correct.
Step 6: Check option 4 (Roman and Sanskrit):
Roman is a script that scholars already knew and Sanskrit is a language. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
James Prinsep deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi, which is option 3.
\[ \boxed{3} \]
Question 11:
From c. _________, the most visible trend was the emergence of early states, empires and kingdoms.
(A) Sixth-Century BCE
(B) Seventh-Century CE
(C) Fifth-Century BP
(D) Fourth-Century BCE
Correct Answer: (A) Sixth-Century BCE
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We must pick the period from which the rise of early states, empires and kingdoms became the main trend in the subcontinent.
Step 2: Recall the background:
From about the sixth century BCE, many janapadas grew into mahajanapadas. Sixteen of them are named in Buddhist and Jaina texts. Later, Magadha grew into a large empire, followed by the Mauryas. So the main trend of this period was state formation.
Step 3: Check option 1 (Sixth-Century BCE):
This is the time when the mahajanapadas, towns and the use of iron and coinage spread. It fits the sentence exactly. So option 1 is correct.
Step 4: Check option 2 (Seventh-Century CE):
By then many states already existed. The seventh century CE belongs to the time of kings such as Harsha, so it is not the start of the trend. Option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3 (Fifth-Century BP):
BP means before present. The fifth century BP is about 400 to 500 years ago, which is the sixteenth century CE. This is far from the early period. Option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4 (Fourth-Century BCE):
The Mauryan empire rose near the end of this century, but early states had been appearing for more than two centuries before it. Option 4 is a late starting point, so it is wrong.
Final Answer:
The rise of early states, empires and kingdoms became the major trend from about the sixth century BCE, so option 1.
\[ \boxed{1} \]
Question 12:
Arrange the following textual traditions in chronological order: A. The works on astronomy and mathematics by Aryabhata and Varahamihira B. Early Buddhist texts including the Tripitaka C. Ashtadhyayi of Panini, a work on Sanskrit grammar D. Natyashastra of Bharata, a work on dramaturgy
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B, C, D
(B) A, B, D, C
(C) B, D, C, A
(D) C, B, D, A
Correct Answer: (D) C, B, D, A
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We must place four literary traditions from the earliest to the latest. The key is the approximate date of each work.
Step 2: Date of the Ashtadhyayi (C):
Panini wrote the Ashtadhyayi on Sanskrit grammar in about the fifth to fourth century BCE. It is usually treated as the earliest of the four.
Step 3: Date of the Early Buddhist texts (B):
The early teachings of the Buddha were collected in the Tripitaka, composed from the sixth and fifth centuries BCE and fixed over the next centuries. In the usual textbook order they follow Panini.
Step 4: Date of the Natyashastra (D):
The Natyashastra of Bharata on drama and dance belongs to the period of about the second century BCE to the second century CE. It comes after both C and B.
Step 5: Date of Aryabhata and Varahamihira (A):
Aryabhata lived in the late fifth century CE and Varahamihira in the sixth century CE. They are the latest of the four.
Step 6: Write the order:
The order is C, B, D, A.
Step 7: Check options 1 and 2:
Both begin with A, the latest work, so they cannot be right.
Step 8: Check option 3 (B, D, C, A):
This puts the Natyashastra before the Ashtadhyayi. Panini is much earlier than Bharata, so option 3 is wrong.
Step 9: Check option 4 (C, B, D, A):
This is the order we found, so option 4 is correct.
Final Answer:
The chronological order is Ashtadhyayi, early Buddhist texts, Natyashastra, then the works of Aryabhata and Varahamihira. This is option 4.
\[ \boxed{4} \]
Question 13:
Who provided money for the preservation of the ancient site of 'Sanchi'?
(A) Sultan Jehan Begum
(B) Sultana Jahanara Begum
(C) Sultan Shahnur Begum
(D) Sultan Rokeya Begum
Correct Answer: (A) Sultan Jehan Begum
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
Sanchi is a famous Buddhist site in Madhya Pradesh. The question asks who paid for its upkeep and preservation in the modern period.
Step 2: Recall the background:
Sanchi was in the princely state of Bhopal. The ruling Begums of Bhopal, Shah Jahan Begum and her successor Sultan Jahan Begum, gave money for its preservation. Sultan Jahan Begum funded the museum and the guest house, and she also supported the work led by John Marshall.
Step 3: Check option 1 (Sultan Jehan Begum):
She is the Begum of Bhopal who provided the funds. So option 1 is correct.
Step 4: Check option 2 (Sultana Jahanara Begum):
Jahanara Begum was a Mughal princess, the daughter of Shah Jahan, and had no link with Sanchi. Option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3 (Sultan Shahnur Begum):
This name is not linked with the rulers of Bhopal or with Sanchi. Option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4 (Sultan Rokeya Begum):
Rokeya Begum is known as a social reformer of Bengal. She had no role in saving Sanchi. Option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Sultan Jehan Begum of Bhopal paid for the preservation of Sanchi, which is option 1.
\[ \boxed{1} \]
Question 14:
According to the ___________, the paternal estate was to be divided equally amongst sons after the death of the parents, with a special share for the eldest.
(A) Manusmriti
(B) Upanishads
(C) Mahabharata
(D) Puranas
Correct Answer: (A) Manusmriti
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question describes a rule about property: after the parents die, the father's estate is divided equally among the sons, and the eldest son gets a special share. We must name the text that says this.
Step 2: Recall the background:
Rules about property and inheritance are found in the Dharmashastras and Dharmasutras. The Manusmriti, which is the best known of the Dharmashastras, states that the paternal estate is to be shared equally by the sons after the parents die, with a special share for the eldest.
Step 3: Check option 1 (Manusmriti):
It is a law text and it gives this rule. So option 1 is correct.
Step 4: Check option 2 (Upanishads):
The Upanishads deal with philosophy such as the soul and Brahman. They do not lay down rules on inheritance. Option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3 (Mahabharata):
The Mahabharata tells a story of a dispute over a kingdom among cousins. It is an epic and not a code of inheritance law. Option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4 (Puranas):
The Puranas record myths, genealogies and religious practice. They are not the standard source for this rule. Option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The Manusmriti lays down this rule of equal shares for sons, with a special share for the eldest, so option 1.
\[ \boxed{1} \]
Question 15:
Identify the incorrect match in terms of thinkers and their associative countries:
(A) Zarathustra - Iran
(B) Kong Zi - China
(C) Socarates - Germany
(D) Mahavira - India
Correct Answer: (C) Socarates - Germany
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We need the pair in which the thinker is matched with the wrong country. So we check each pair one by one.
Step 2: Check option 1 (Zarathustra - Iran):
Zarathustra was a religious teacher of ancient Iran. The pair is correct, so it is not the answer.
Step 3: Check option 2 (Kong Zi - China):
Kong Zi, also called Confucius, was a Chinese thinker. The pair is correct, so it is not the answer.
Step 4: Check option 3 (Socarates - Germany):
Socrates (spelt Socarates in the paper) was a philosopher of ancient Greece, who lived in Athens. He was not from Germany. So this match is incorrect, and it is the answer.
Step 5: Check option 4 (Mahavira - India):
Mahavira was the twenty-fourth Tirthankara of the Jainas and came from the Gangetic plains of India. The pair is correct, so it is not the answer.
Final Answer:
Socrates belonged to Greece and not to Germany, so the incorrect match is option 3.
\[ \boxed{3} \]
Question 16:
'Hagiography' is a _______________ of a saint or a religious leader.
(A) Biography
(B) Autobiography
(C) Excerpt
(D) Poem
Correct Answer: (A) Biography
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We need the word that completes the meaning of hagiography. A hagiography is a written account about a holy person.
Step 2: Recall the meaning:
The word comes from Greek words for "holy" and "writing". A hagiography is the life story of a saint or a religious leader, written by someone else, often with praise.
Step 3: Check option 1 (Biography):
A biography is the life story of a person written by another person. This is the meaning of hagiography. Option 1 is correct.
Step 4: Check option 2 (Autobiography):
An autobiography is written by the person about his or her own life. Hagiographies are usually written by followers, so option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3 (Excerpt):
An excerpt is only a short extract from a text. It does not describe a life. Option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4 (Poem):
A hagiography can be in verse in some cases, but a poem is a form and not the meaning of the word. Option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
A hagiography is a biography of a saint or a religious leader, which is option 1.
\[ \boxed{1} \]
Question 17:
Jaina monks and nuns took five vows. Identify the correct statements from below: A. Abstain from killing B. Abstain from stealing and lying C. Renounce monastic existence and embrace the world D. Abstain from possessing property
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B and C only
(B) A, B and D only
(C) A, B, C and D
(D) B, C and D only
Correct Answer: (B) A, B and D only
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
Jaina monks and nuns follow five great vows. We must decide which of the four statements are among them.
Step 2: Recall the five vows:
The five vows are: do not kill (ahimsa), do not steal, do not lie, do not own property, and observe celibacy (brahmacharya). Monks and nuns gave up household life to follow them.
Step 3: Check statement A:
Abstaining from killing is the vow of ahimsa. It is the central teaching of Jainism. So A is correct.
Step 4: Check statement B:
Abstaining from stealing and lying covers two of the vows, asteya and satya. So B is correct.
Step 5: Check statement C:
Jaina monks and nuns renounce the world and live as ascetics. To "embrace the world" is the opposite of what they do. So C is incorrect.
Step 6: Check statement D:
Abstaining from possessing property is the vow of aparigraha. So D is correct.
Step 7: Select the option:
The correct statements are A, B and D only. Option 1 has C, option 3 has C and option 4 has C. So only option 2 is right.
Final Answer:
Statements A, B and D are correct and C is wrong, so the answer is option 2.
\[ \boxed{2} \]
Question 18:
According to which tradition, "Be lamps unto yourselves as all of you must work out your own liberation"?
(A) Buddhist
(B) Jainism
(C) Ajivikas
(D) Lokayatas
Correct Answer: (A) Buddhist
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The line is a famous saying. We must identify which religious tradition it belongs to.
Step 2: Recall the source:
The Buddha is said to have given this advice to his followers in his last days. He told them to be their own lamps (light) and to work out their own liberation with diligence. In Pali texts this appears in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta. This idea of self-effort belongs to Buddhism.
Step 3: Check option (1) Buddhist:
The saying comes from the Buddha. So option 1 is correct.
Step 4: Check option (2) Jainism:
Jainism also stresses self-effort, strict ascetic discipline and non-violence. But this particular line is not attributed to Mahavira or Jaina texts. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (3) Ajivikas:
The Ajivikas, led by Makkhali Gosala, believed in fate (niyati) and held that everything is predetermined. They did not teach that one must work out one's own liberation. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option (4) Lokayatas:
The Lokayatas were materialist thinkers who denied the soul and liberation. The idea of working out liberation does not fit them. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The saying is from the Buddhist tradition, which is option 1.
Question 19:
Who appointed Ibn Battuta the qazi or judge of Delhi?
(A) Balban
(B) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
(C) Mahmud of Ghazni
(D) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Correct Answer: (D) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan traveller who came to India in the 14th century. We need to find the ruler who made him the judge (qazi) of Delhi.
Step 2: Recall the facts:
Ibn Battuta reached the Indian subcontinent in 1333 CE. The Sultan of Delhi at that time was Muhammad bin Tughlaq. The Sultan valued learned foreigners, so he appointed Ibn Battuta as the qazi of Delhi. Later he also sent him as an envoy to China.
Step 3: Check option (1) Balban:
Balban ruled in the 13th century, long before Ibn Battuta was born. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (2) Firoz Shah Tughlaq:
Firoz Shah ruled after Muhammad bin Tughlaq, from 1351 CE. Ibn Battuta had been appointed earlier, under Muhammad bin Tughlaq. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (3) Mahmud of Ghazni:
Mahmud of Ghazni raided India in the 11th century. He had no link with Ibn Battuta. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option (4) Muhammad bin Tughlaq:
He was the Sultan who appointed Ibn Battuta. So option 4 is correct.
Final Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq appointed Ibn Battuta as qazi of Delhi, which is option 4.
Question 20:
Match the LIST-I with LIST-II:
LIST-I Traveller
LIST-II Origin-Country
A. Marco Polo
I. Portugal
B. Duarte Barbosa
II. Italy
C. Peter Mundy
III. Russia
D. Afanasii Nikitich Nikitin
IV. England
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III
(B) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV
(C) A - II, B - I, C - III, D - IV
(D) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
Correct Answer: (A) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We have four travellers who visited India or Asia, and four countries. Each traveller must be matched with his country of origin.
Step 2: Match A, Marco Polo:
Marco Polo was a merchant and traveller from Venice. Venice is in Italy. So A matches II (Italy).
Step 3: Match B, Duarte Barbosa:
Duarte Barbosa was a Portuguese writer who described the coasts of India in the early 16th century. So B matches I (Portugal).
Step 4: Match C, Peter Mundy:
Peter Mundy was an English merchant-traveller who visited India in the 17th century and described Agra and the Mughal court. So C matches IV (England).
Step 5: Match D, Afanasii Nikitich Nikitin:
Nikitin was a Russian merchant from Tver. He travelled to India in the 15th century. So D matches III (Russia).
Step 6: Compare with the options:
The set is A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III. Option 1 has exactly this. Option 2 wrongly pairs A with Portugal. Option 3 wrongly pairs C with Russia. Option 4 wrongly pairs A with Russia.
Final Answer:
The correct matching is A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III, which is option 1.
Question 21:
Sculpture of a Buddhist goddess 'Marichi' was found in .
(A) Bihar
(B) United Provinces
(C) Maharashtra
(D) Bengal
Correct Answer: (A) Bihar
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks where a sculpture of the Buddhist goddess Marichi was found. The sculpture is shown in NCERT history books as an example of Buddhist art.
Step 2: Recall the source:
In the NCERT book on Indian history, a picture shows a stone sculpture of Marichi, a Buddhist goddess, from Bihar. It dates to about the 10th century CE and belongs to the Pala period, when Buddhism was patronised in Bihar and Bengal. The caption names Bihar as the findspot.
Step 3: Check option (1) Bihar:
This matches the caption. So option 1 is correct.
Step 4: Check option (2) United Provinces:
This is the old name of the present Uttar Pradesh. The caption does not give this region. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (3) Maharashtra:
Maharashtra is known for Buddhist caves like Ajanta and Karle, but the Marichi sculpture is not from there. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option (4) Bengal:
Bengal also had Pala art, which makes this option tempting. But the recorded findspot is Bihar. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The Marichi sculpture was found in Bihar, which is option 1.
Question 22:
According to the historians of religion, 'Saguna bhakti' included which type of traditions?
(A) Worship of an abstract form of god
(B) Worship of non-specific deities
(C) Worship of gods often conceptualised in anthropomorphic forms
(D) No worship of any form of god
Correct Answer: (C) Worship of gods often conceptualised in anthropomorphic forms
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
Historians divide bhakti traditions into two broad streams: saguna and nirguna. We must recall what saguna means.
Step 2: Meaning of saguna:
Saguna means 'with attributes'. In saguna bhakti, god is worshipped in a definite form, such as Shiva, Vishnu and his avatars like Rama and Krishna, and the Goddess. These gods were often imagined in human form (anthropomorphic form) and shown in images.
Step 3: Check option (1):
Worship of an abstract form is nirguna bhakti, which is the opposite. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (2):
Non-specific deities are not part of saguna bhakti, which focuses on specific named gods. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (3):
This describes saguna bhakti well, where gods are thought of in human-like forms. So option 3 is correct.
Step 6: Check option (4):
Bhakti is devotion, so it always involves worship in some way. 'No worship of any form of god' is not a bhakti tradition. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Saguna bhakti worships gods in anthropomorphic forms, which is option 3.
Question 23:
Which woman 'Alvar' saw herself as the beloved of Vishnu?
(A) Appar
(B) Andal
(C) Karaikkal Ammaiyar
(D) Nalayira Andala
Correct Answer: (B) Andal
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
The Alvars were Tamil saints devoted to Vishnu. Among them was one woman. We need her name.
Step 2: Recall:
Andal was the woman Alvar. Her poems express her love for Vishnu and she saw herself as his beloved. Her compositions, like the Tiruppavai, are still sung.
Step 3: Check option (1) Appar:
Appar was a Nayanar, a devotee of Shiva, and he was a man. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (2) Andal:
Andal was the woman Alvar who saw herself as Vishnu's beloved. So option 2 is correct.
Step 5: Check option (3) Karaikkal Ammaiyar:
She was a woman devotee, but she was a Nayanar who worshipped Shiva, not an Alvar. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option (4) Nalayira Andala:
This is not the name of a saint. It appears to be a mix of Nalayira Divya Prabandham, the collection of Alvar hymns, and Andal. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The woman Alvar was Andal, which is option 2.
Question 24:
Arrange the following major religious teachers in chronological order: A. Sambandar in Tamil Nadu B. Basavanna in Karnataka C. Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sind D. Sri Chaitanya in Bengal Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B, C, D
(B) A, B, D, C
(C) B, A, D, C
(D) C, B, D, A
Correct Answer: (A) A, B, C, D
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question:
We must put the four teachers in order from the earliest to the latest.
Step 2: Date Sambandar (A):
Sambandar was a Nayanar saint of Tamil Nadu in about the 7th century CE. He is the earliest.
Step 3: Date Basavanna (B):
Basavanna founded the Virashaiva (Lingayat) tradition in Karnataka in the 12th century CE.
Step 4: Date Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (C):
He was a Sufi saint of Sind who died in 1274 CE. He lived in the 13th century.
Step 5: Date Sri Chaitanya (D):
Chaitanya was a Vaishnava saint of Bengal who lived from about 1486 to 1533 CE. He is the latest.
Step 6: Put them in order:
The order is A (7th century), B (12th century), C (13th century), D (15th-16th century), which is A, B, C, D.
Step 7: Compare with the options:
Option 1 gives A, B, C, D. Option 2 puts D before C, which is wrong. Option 3 puts B before A, which is wrong. Option 4 starts with C and ends with A, which is the reverse of the order.
Final Answer:
The order is A, B, C, D, which is option 1.
Question 25:
The Vijayanagara Empire, was described by the contemporaries as the .
(A) Tamilkam Samrajyamu
(B) Karnataka Samrajyamu
(C) Vijayanagara Samrajyamu
(D) Kerala Samrajyamu
Correct Answer: (B) Karnataka Samrajyamu
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
The question asks what name people living in the time of the empire used for the Vijayanagara state. The word contemporaries means writers and observers of that age, such as inscriptions and chroniclers in Telugu and Sanskrit. The blank needs a name ending in Samrajyamu, which is the Telugu word for empire.
Step 2: Recall the fact:
Vijayanagara means City of Victory, and it is the name of the capital. Sources written at the time, however, call the kingdom the Karnataka Samrajyamu. This is the name used in the literature and inscriptions of the period. The empire was founded in the Karnataka region by Harihara and Bukka, and the Kannada country remained the heart of its power.
Step 3: Check option 1, Tamilkam Samrajyamu:
Tamilkam is the old name of the Tamil country. Vijayanagara rulers did control Tamil lands later, but the empire was never called after Tamilkam. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2, Karnataka Samrajyamu:
This is the name recorded by contemporaries for the empire, so option 2 is right.
Step 5: Check option 3, Vijayanagara Samrajyamu:
This looks natural, but it is the modern name used by historians, taken from the capital city. Contemporaries chose the regional name instead. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4, Kerala Samrajyamu:
The Kerala region was never the base of this empire, and no source describes it this way. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Contemporaries described the Vijayanagara Empire as the Karnataka Samrajyamu. This is option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: Karnataka Samrajyamu}} \]
Question 26:
Which Vijayanagara ruler took pride in the title, "establisher of the Yavana kingdom"?
(A) Harihara Raya
(B) Rama Raya
(C) Krishnadeva Raya
(D) Bukka Raya
Correct Answer: (C) Krishnadeva Raya
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
The question gives a royal title and asks which Vijayanagara ruler used it. The word Yavana was used in Sanskrit and Telugu texts for foreigners, and in this age it meant the Muslim sultans of the Deccan.
Step 2: Recall the fact:
The title Yavanarajya Sthapanacharya means the establisher of the Yavana kingdom. Krishnadeva Raya (1509 to 1529) took pride in it. He defeated the Sultan of Bijapur and then restored the throne to the defeated Bahmani ruler, so he claimed to have set up the sultan's kingdom again.
Step 3: Check option 1, Harihara Raya:
Harihara was one of the founding brothers of the empire. He is not known for this title, so option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2, Rama Raya:
Rama Raya of the Aravidu line was the chief minister who rose to power later. He died at the battle of Talikota in 1565, and the title is not linked to him. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3, Krishnadeva Raya:
The title is tied to Krishnadeva Raya and his dealings with the Deccan sultans. So option 3 is right.
Step 6: Check option 4, Bukka Raya:
Bukka was the brother and co-founder of the dynasty. The title does not belong to him, so option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The ruler who took pride in the title was Krishnadeva Raya. This is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3: Krishnadeva Raya}} \]
Question 27:
Match the LIST-I with LIST-II:
LIST-I Structures
LIST-II Use/Purpose/ Characteristics
A.
Mahanavami Dibba
I.
Made to store rainwater
B.
Kamalapuram tank
II.
Chariot streets
C.
Vitthala temple
III.
Massive platform
D.
Hazara Rama temple
IV.
Used only by the king and his family
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV
(B) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV
(C) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III
(D) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
Correct Answer: (A) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
We have four structures of Vijayanagara (Hampi) in List I and four uses in List II. Each structure must be matched with its purpose, and then the matching option is chosen.
Step 2: Match A, Mahanavami Dibba:
This is a massive platform in the royal centre, about 11,000 square feet in area and 40 feet high. Rituals of the Mahanavami festival were held around it. So A matches III, massive platform.
Step 3: Match B, Kamalapuram tank:
The Kamalapuram tank was built in the fifteenth century. It held water that was led to fields and also to the royal centre, so it was a tank to store water. In the list the use given for it is I, made to store rainwater. So B matches I.
Step 4: Match C, Vitthala temple:
The Vitthala temple is known for its bazaars and its wide chariot streets. These streets were lined with pillared pavilions. So C matches II, chariot streets.
Step 5: Match D, Hazara Rama temple:
This temple stood in the royal centre. It was used only by the king and his family. So D matches IV.
Step 6: Compare with the options:
The full match is A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV. Option 1 is exactly this. Option 2 puts A with I, which is wrong. Option 3 puts A with I and D with III, which is wrong. Option 4 puts B with IV and C with I, which is wrong.
Final Answer:
The correct pairs are A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV. This is option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1: A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV}} \]
Question 28:
Identify the correct statements in relation to 'Vijayanagara Empire': A. The first dynasty, Sangama dynasty exercised control till 1488. B. They were supplanted by the Saluvas. C. The Saluvas remained in power till 1503. D. Krishnadeva Raya belonged to the Tuluva dynasty.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B and D only
(B) B, C and D only
(C) A, B and C only
(D) A, B, C and D
Correct Answer: (B) B, C and D only
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
Four statements are given about the dynasties of the Vijayanagara Empire. We must find the ones that are correct and then choose the option that lists exactly those.
Step 2: Recall the dynasty order:
The empire had four ruling dynasties: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu. The Sangama dynasty ruled from the founding in 1336 until 1485. The Saluvas then took over and held power until 1503. After them came the Tuluvas, and Krishnadeva Raya was the greatest Tuluva king.
Step 3: Check statement A:
It says Sangama control lasted till 1488. The accepted date is 1485. So the date is off by three years, and statement A is FALSE.
Step 4: Check statement B:
The Sangamas were supplanted by the Saluvas, who were military commanders. So statement B is TRUE.
Step 5: Check statement C:
The Saluvas stayed in power till 1503, when the Tuluvas took over. So statement C is TRUE.
Step 6: Check statement D:
Krishnadeva Raya was a Tuluva king, as the Tuluva dynasty followed the Saluvas. So statement D is TRUE.
Step 7: Pick the option:
The true statements are B, C and D. Option 1 includes A, option 3 includes A, and option 4 includes A, so all three are wrong. Option 2 lists B, C and D only.
Final Answer:
Statements B, C and D are correct, and A is wrong because of its date. This is option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: B, C and D only}} \]
Question 29:
Which dynasty ruled from 'Penukonda'?
(A) Tuluvas
(B) Gajapatis
(C) Deccan Sultans
(D) Aravidu
Correct Answer: (D) Aravidu
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
Penukonda is a fort town in present Andhra Pradesh. The question asks which dynasty ruled from there, so we need to know where the rulers went after the fall of the city of Vijayanagara.
Step 2: Recall the facts:
In 1565 the Vijayanagara army under Rama Raya was defeated at Talikota by the combined Deccan sultans. The capital was plundered. The Aravidu rulers then shifted their seat to Penukonda and later to Chandragiri.
Step 3: Check option 1, Tuluvas:
The Tuluvas ruled before 1565 and had their capital at Vijayanagara itself. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2, Gajapatis:
The Gajapatis were the rulers of Odisha and were enemies of Vijayanagara. They were never based at Penukonda. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3, Deccan Sultans:
The Deccan sultans were the victors at Talikota. They did not rule from Penukonda. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4, Aravidu:
The Aravidu dynasty ruled the shrunken empire from Penukonda after 1565. So option 4 is right.
Final Answer:
The Aravidu dynasty ruled from Penukonda. This is option 4.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 4: Aravidu}} \]
Question 30:
Which crop was introduced into India via Africa and Spain by the seventeenth-century?
(A) Tobacco
(B) Maize
(C) Cotton
(D) Sugarcane
Correct Answer: (B) Maize
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
We need the crop that reached India by way of Africa and Spain in the 1600s. Crops from the Americas were taken to Europe and Africa first, and then to India.
Step 2: Recall the facts:
Maize came from the Americas. It reached India through Africa and Spain in the seventeenth century. By the eighteenth century it was a common crop in parts of western India.
Step 3: Check option 1, Tobacco:
Tobacco also came from the New World, but it was spread by the Portuguese traders and is not described as having come via Africa and Spain. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2, Maize:
Maize is the crop that reached India by way of Africa and Spain. So option 2 is right.
Step 5: Check option 3, Cotton:
Cotton is native to India and was grown here from ancient times. It was not introduced in the seventeenth century. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4, Sugarcane:
Sugarcane was also an old Indian crop and a famous cash crop in Mughal times. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Maize reached India via Africa and Spain. This is option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: Maize}} \]
Question 31:
In the Indo-Persian sources of the Mughal period, the term 'pahi-kashta' refers to:
(A) Non-resident cultivators who belonged to some other village, but cultivated lands elsewhere on a contractual basis
(B) Non-resident cultivators who produced artefacts on a contractual basis
(C) Permanent resident cultivators who belonged to some other village and cultivated lands
(D) Residents of the village in which they held their lands
Correct Answer: (A) Non-resident cultivators who belonged to some other village, but cultivated lands elsewhere on a contractual basis
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
The question asks for the meaning of a term used in Mughal period sources on the peasantry. Mughal sources divided peasants into two main groups, and the term pahi-kashta belongs to one of them.
Step 2: Recall the two groups:
Khud-kashta were resident cultivators who belonged to the village in which they held their lands. Pahi-kashta were non-resident cultivators who belonged to some other village but cultivated lands elsewhere on a contractual basis. Pahi means outsider or stranger.
Step 3: Check option 1:
This matches the meaning of pahi-kashta word for word. So option 1 is right.
Step 4: Check option 2:
Pahi-kashta farmers worked the land. They did not make artefacts. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3:
Permanent resident cultivators is a mix of ideas. A pahi-kashta was not a permanent resident and held land only on contract. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Residents of the village in which they held their lands are the khud-kashta, the opposite of pahi-kashta. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
Pahi-kashta means non-resident cultivators who farmed land in another village on contract. This is option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1}} \]
Question 32:
documents and village surveys made in the early years of British rule have revealed the existence of artisans, sometimes as high as 25 per cent of total village households.
(A) Persian
(B) Bengali
(C) Marathi
(D) Marwari
Correct Answer: (C) Marathi
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
The blank needs the language of the documents that, along with village surveys from the early British period, showed that artisans formed a large part of village households.
Step 2: Recall the fact:
The textbook chapter on Mughal agrarian society says that Marathi documents and village surveys made in the early years of British rule have revealed the existence of artisans, sometimes as high as 25 per cent of total village households. These records came from western India.
Step 3: Check option 1, Persian:
Persian was the language of the Mughal court and revenue records. But the village level surveys of early British rule are linked with Marathi documents, so option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2, Bengali:
Bengali records exist, but the passage in the chapter does not refer to them for the figure of 25 per cent. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3, Marathi:
Marathi is the language named in the chapter for these documents. So option 3 is right.
Step 6: Check option 4, Marwari:
Marwari was a language of traders and bankers of Rajasthan, and it is not tied to this survey material. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The documents are Marathi documents. This is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3: Marathi}} \]
Question 33:
Arrange the following historical events in chronological order: A. Nadir Shah invades India and sacks Delhi B. The 'diwani' of Bengal transferred to the East India Company C. Ahmad Shah Abdali defeats the Marathas in the third battle of Panipat D. Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodi, the Delhi Sultan, at Panipat
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B, C, D
(B) D, A, C, B
(C) B, A, D, C
(D) D, B, C, A
Correct Answer: (B) D, A, C, B
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
We have to put four events in the order in which they happened, from the earliest to the latest. The best way is to attach a year to each event.
Step 2: Date event A:
Nadir Shah of Persia invaded India and sacked Delhi in 1739. So A is 1739.
Step 3: Date event B:
The Mughal emperor granted the diwani of Bengal to the East India Company after the battle of Buxar, in 1765. So B is 1765.
Step 4: Date event C:
Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas in the third battle of Panipat in 1761. So C is 1761.
Step 5: Date event D:
Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. So D is 1526.
Step 6: Arrange the years:
In order the years are 1526 (D), 1739 (A), 1761 (C), 1765 (B). So the order is D, A, C, B.
Step 7: Match with the options:
Option 1 starts with A, which is not first. Option 3 starts with B, the last event. Option 4 puts B before C, which is wrong. Option 2 is D, A, C, B, which fits.
Final Answer:
The correct order is D, A, C, B. This is option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2: D, A, C, B}} \]
Question 34:
Match the LIST-I with LIST-II:
LIST-I Meanings
LIST-II Terms
A. Responsible for supervising the fiscal system of the empire
I. Daftar of the Diwan
B. Responsible for collection of revenue
II. Amil-guzar
C. The amount assessed as tax from a land
III. Jama
D. The amount collected as tax from a land
IV. Hasil
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV
(B) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III
(C) A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV
(D) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
Correct Answer: (A) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question.
We must match each meaning in List-I with the Mughal revenue term in List-II. These terms come from the Mughal land revenue system described in Akbar's time and later.
Step 2: Match A.
The Diwan was the head of the revenue department. His office, the daftar, supervised the fiscal system of the whole empire. So A matches I (Daftar of the Diwan).
Step 3: Match B.
The amil-guzar was the revenue collector. He was the official who actually collected the land revenue from the peasants. So B matches II (Amil-guzar).
Step 4: Match C.
Jama was the amount assessed as the revenue to be paid on a piece of land. So C matches III (Jama).
Step 5: Match D.
Hasil was the amount actually collected. The difference between jama (assessed) and hasil (collected) is a common point in this chapter. So D matches IV (Hasil).
Step 6: Check the options.
The full match is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV. This is exactly option 1. Option 2 swaps jama and hasil, which is wrong. Option 3 swaps amil-guzar and jama, which is wrong. Option 4 gives A - III, which is wrong because jama is not an office.
Final Answer:
The correct match is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV, which is option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1}} \]
Question 35:
In late eighteenth-century revenue records, the hill folks living around Rajmahal hills were known as .
(A) Manjhis
(B) Santhals
(C) Paharias
(D) Kaduyas
Correct Answer: (C) Paharias
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question.
The question is about the people who lived on the Rajmahal hills in present-day Jharkhand. The colonial revenue records of the late 1700s gave them a name.
Step 2: Recall the fact.
Francis Buchanan and other officials recorded that the hill folk of the Rajmahal hills were called the Paharias. They lived by hunting, shifting cultivation and collecting forest produce.
Step 3: Check option 1.
Manjhis were the chiefs or headmen of the Santhal villages, not the name of the hill people. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
Santhals came later, from the 1790s onwards. They cleared the lowland forests and settled the Damin-i-Koh area. They were not the hill folk in the late 1700s records. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
The Paharias were the hill people of Rajmahal. So option 3 is right.
Step 6: Check option 4.
Kaduyas is not a name used for the Rajmahal hill folk in the records. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The hill folk of the Rajmahal hills were called Paharias, option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Paharias}} \]
Question 36:
Who wrote a petition to the Collector of Ahmednagar, Deccan Riots Commission, from the village of Mirajgaon?
(A) Sahukars
(B) Zamindars
(C) Taluqdars
(D) Ryots
Correct Answer: (D) Ryots
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question.
The Deccan Riots of 1875 were a revolt of peasants against moneylenders in the Bombay Deccan. The Deccan Riots Commission collected petitions and evidence from villages.
Step 2: Recall the source.
One petition came from the village of Mirajgaon in the Ahmednagar district. It was written by ryots (peasants) who complained about the moneylenders and the burden of debt.
Step 3: Check option 1.
Sahukars were the moneylenders. They were the target of the complaints, not the writers. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
Zamindars were landlords in the Permanent Settlement areas such as Bengal. The Deccan had the ryotwari system, so this is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
Taluqdars were big landholders in Awadh. They have no link to Mirajgaon. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4.
Ryots were the peasant cultivators who paid revenue directly to the state. They wrote the petition. So option 4 is right.
Final Answer:
The petition was written by the ryots, option 4.
\[ \boxed{\text{Ryots}} \]
Question 37:
Identify the meaning of the term 'Rentier'?
(A) People who took a property on rent
(B) People who help others to take a property on rent
(C) People who collect the rent of a property
(D) People who live on rental income from property
Correct Answer: (D) People who live on rental income from property
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question.
The question asks for the meaning of the word rentier. The word is French. It is used in history and economics for a person who lives on unearned income.
Step 2: Recall the meaning.
A rentier is a person who lives on the income from the rent of land or property they own, instead of working. In the chapter on colonialism and the countryside, the term is used for landlords who lived on rents.
Step 3: Check option 1.
People who took a property on rent are tenants. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
People who help others to take property on rent are agents or brokers. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
People who only collect the rent for someone else are rent collectors. They do not live on that income as owners. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4.
This says people who live on rental income from property. That is the definition of a rentier. So option 4 is right.
Final Answer:
A rentier lives on rental income from property, option 4.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 4}} \]
Question 38:
On which occasion, the first public announcement was made regarding Gandhiji's own desire to make Indian nationalism more properly representative of the Indian people as a whole?
(A) During a public rally in South-Africa
(B) During speech at the opening of Banaras Hindu University
(C) During a public meeting of Non-Cooperation Movement
(D) During speech at the Salt-March at Dandi
Correct Answer: (B) During speech at the opening of Banaras Hindu University
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question.
We need the event where Gandhiji first publicly said he wanted nationalism to represent all Indians, not just the educated elite.
Step 2: Recall the event.
In February 1916, Gandhiji was invited to speak at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University. In his speech he blamed the elite for being cut off from the masses and spoke of the peasants and workers. This was his first major public statement of this aim in India.
Step 3: Check option 1.
In South Africa Gandhiji led the struggle for Indian rights, but that was not about Indian nationalism as a whole. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
The BHU opening speech of 1916 fits the question. So option 2 is right.
Step 5: Check option 3.
The Non-Cooperation Movement began in 1920 to 1922. By then he had already stated his aim, so it is not the first occasion. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4.
The Salt March at Dandi was in 1930, which is much later. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The first public announcement was at the opening of Banaras Hindu University, option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2}} \]
Question 39:
A series of was established to promote nationalist creed in the princely states.
(A) Swadeshi-Mandals
(B) Swaraj-Sabhas
(C) Prati-Sarkars
(D) Praja-Mandals
Correct Answer: (D) Praja-Mandals
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question.
The question is about organisations in the princely states, which were ruled by Indian princes under British overlordship, that spread nationalist ideas.
Step 2: Recall the fact.
The Congress did not work directly in the princely states at first. A series of Praja-Mandals (people's associations) were set up in many states to carry nationalist ideas there.
Step 3: Check option 1.
Swadeshi-Mandals is not a known series of organisations in the princely states. So it is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2.
Swaraj-Sabhas is not the name of such bodies. So it is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3.
Prati-Sarkars were the parallel governments, for example in Satara in 1943. They were not set up in the princely states to promote a creed. So it is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4.
Praja-Mandals were the people's associations in the princely states. So option 4 is right.
Final Answer:
Praja-Mandals were set up in the princely states, option 4.
\[ \boxed{\text{Praja-Mandals}} \]
Question 40:
Identify the correct statements regarding the 'Salt-March': A. On 12 March 1930, Gandhiji began walking from his ashram at Sabarmati towards the ocean. B. Lord Irwin was the Viceroy of India during the famous 'Salt March' of 1930. C. The progress of 'Salt March' can be traced from an important source: the London newsmagazine, London News. D. The progress of Gandhiji's march can also be traced from the secret-reports filed by the police officials. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B and D only
(B) A, B and C only
(C) A, B, C and D
(D) B, C and D only
Correct Answer: (A) A, B and D only
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Question.
We must find which of the four statements about the Salt March are true and then pick the option that lists exactly those.
Step 2: Check statement A.
Gandhiji started the Dandi march from the Sabarmati ashram on 12 March 1930 with 78 followers, heading to the sea at Dandi. So A is TRUE.
Step 3: Check statement B.
Lord Irwin was the Viceroy from 1926 to 1931. Gandhiji wrote to him before the march. So B is TRUE.
Step 4: Check statement C.
The progress of the march was traced from three kinds of sources. They were police secret reports, newspaper reports and an American newsmagazine, Time. There is no London newsmagazine called London News among these sources. So C is FALSE.
Step 5: Check statement D.
The police officials sent secret reports about the march, with notes about the speeches. These are a main source for the march. So D is TRUE.
Step 6: Pick the option.
The true statements are A, B and D. Option 1 (A, B and D only) matches. Option 2 includes C, so it is wrong. Option 3 includes C, so it is wrong. Option 4 leaves out A, so it is wrong.
Final Answer:
Statements A, B and D are correct, so option 1 is the answer.
\[ \boxed{\text{A, B and D only (Option 1)}} \]
Question 41:
Shah Mal belonged to which pargana in Uttar Pradesh?
(A) Barout
(B) Chinhat
(C) Bardoli
(D) Awadh
Correct Answer: (A) Barout
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
The question asks for the pargana (an old revenue and administrative unit) of Shah Mal, the Jat leader of 1857. The passage tells us only that he lived in a big village in Uttar Pradesh, so we also need a little outside knowledge from the chapter on the Revolt of 1857
Step 2: Recall the facts:
Shah Mal was a Jat cultivator-leader of the Barout (Baraut) pargana in the Meerut region. He rallied the villages of the area against the British and was killed in July 1857
Step 3: Check option 1, Barout:
This matches the pargana in Meerut district where Shah Mal lived and led the revolt. So option 1 is correct
Step 4: Check option 2, Chinhat:
Chinhat is near Lucknow. It is known for a battle in 1857, not for Shah Mal. So option 2 is wrong
Step 5: Check option 3, Bardoli:
Bardoli is in Gujarat. It is linked with the Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, a much later event. So option 3 is wrong
Step 6: Check option 4, Awadh:
Awadh is a whole region and province, not a pargana of Meerut. It was a major centre of the revolt but is not the answer here. So option 4 is wrong
Final Answer:
Shah Mal belonged to the Barout pargana. The correct option is 1.
Question 42:
Cultivators revolted against the British because:
(A) The lands in the region were not fertile
(B) British land revenue system was considered just and based on correct revenue demands
(C) Villagers were poor and drought-stricken
(D) British land revenue system was considered oppressive due to high revenue demands
Correct Answer: (D) British land revenue system was considered oppressive due to high revenue demands
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
We need the reason the cultivators of the area rose against the British. The passage gives the cause in the part that describes how villagers viewed the revenue system
Step 2: Find the cause in the passage:
The passage says the revenue demand was high and its collection was rigid. Because of this, cultivators lost land to traders and moneylenders. This is the main reason for anger
Step 3: Check option 1:
The passage says the land was irrigated and fertile with rich soil. So the claim that land was not fertile is the opposite of the text. Option 1 is wrong
Step 4: Check option 2:
The villagers saw the system as oppressive, not as just. Option 2 states the reverse. It is wrong
Step 5: Check option 3:
The passage says many villagers were prosperous. It does not mention drought. Option 3 is wrong
Step 6: Check option 4:
This says the revenue system was seen as oppressive because of high demands. It matches the passage exactly in meaning. Option 4 is correct
Final Answer:
The cultivators revolted because they found the British revenue system oppressive due to high demands. The correct option is 4.
Question 43:
Arrange the following events in a chronological order: A. Shah Mal was killed in battle in July 1857 B. Cultivators left their fields and plundered the houses of moneylenders and traders C. Shah Mal moved at night from village to village, urging people to rebel against the British D. Shah Mal’s men stopped all official communication between British headquarters and Meerut Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B, C, D
(B) A, C, D, B
(C) B, A, D, C
(D) C, B, D, A
Correct Answer: (D) C, B, D, A
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
We must place four events in the order in which they happen in the passage. The order of mention in the passage tells the order of events
Step 2: Event C comes first:
Shah Mal first mobilised people by moving at night from village to village and urging them to rebel. Without this call, the revolt would not spread. So C is first
Step 3: Event B comes next:
After the call, the revolt became a general rebellion. Cultivators left their fields and attacked moneylenders and traders. So B follows C
Step 4: Event D comes after that:
Later his men attacked government buildings, sent help to sepoys in Delhi and cut official communication between the British headquarters and Meerut. So D follows B
Step 5: Event A comes last:
Shah Mal was killed in July 1857, after the rebels had controlled the area for a while. So A is last
Step 6: Match with the options:
The order is C, B, D, A. Option 1 starts with A, which is the last event, so it is wrong. Option 2 and option 3 also break the order. Only option 4 gives C, B, D, A
Final Answer:
The correct order is C, B, D, A. The correct option is 4.
Question 44:
For what purpose was the “hall of justice” used by Shah Mal?
(A) Used as an uprising headquarters
(B) Used for storing arms and ammunitions
(C) Used for conducting official meetings
(D) Used for settling disputes and dispensing judgments
Correct Answer: (D) Used for settling disputes and dispensing judgments
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
The question asks what Shah Mal did with the hall of justice. The answer is stated directly in the passage
Step 2: Find the line in the passage:
Shah Mal took over the bungalow of an English officer and turned it into a hall of justice. The passage then states its use in simple words: it was for settling disputes and giving judgments
Step 3: Check option 1:
The passage does not call it a headquarters for the uprising. So option 1 is wrong
Step 4: Check option 2:
There is no mention of storing arms there. Option 2 is wrong
Step 5: Check option 3:
Official meetings suggest British administration. Shah Mal ran his own court, so option 3 is wrong
Step 6: Check option 4:
This matches the purpose stated in the passage. Option 4 is correct
Final Answer:
The hall of justice was used for settling disputes and dispensing judgments. The correct option is 4.
Question 45:
Match the LIST-I with LIST-II:
LIST-I Leaders
LIST-II Associations
A. Danka Shah
I. Successor to Peshwa Baji Rao II
B. Nana Sahib
II. Local zamindar in Arrah
C. Kunwar Singh
III. Battle of Chinhat
D. Rani Lakshmi Bai
IV. Killed in the battle in June 1858
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV
(B) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV
(C) A - IV, B - II, C - III, D - I
(D) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
Correct Answer: (B) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the question:
We must match four leaders of 1857 with their associations. We use facts from the chapter on the Revolt of 1857
Step 2: Match Danka Shah:
Danka Shah is the name used for Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah of Faizabad. He fought the British at the Battle of Chinhat near Lucknow. So A matches III
Step 3: Match Nana Sahib:
Nana Sahib was the adopted son and successor of the last Peshwa, Baji Rao II. He led the revolt at Kanpur. So B matches I
Step 4: Match Kunwar Singh:
Kunwar Singh was a local zamindar of Jagdishpur near Arrah in Bihar. He led rebels there despite his old age. So C matches II
Step 5: Match Rani Lakshmi Bai:
The Rani of Jhansi was killed in battle in June 1858 while fighting the British near Gwalior. So D matches IV
Step 6: Check the options:
The set is A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV. Option 1 pairs A with I and is wrong. Option 3 pairs A with IV and is wrong. Option 4 pairs B with IV and is wrong. Only option 2 is right
Final Answer:
The correct match is A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV. The correct option is 2.
Question 46:
Identify the speaker of this passage:
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru
(B) Vallabhbhai Patel
(C) Jaipal Singh
(D) Govind Ballabh Pant
Correct Answer: (C) Jaipal Singh
View SolutionStep 1: Understanding the Concept:
The passage is a speech made in the Constituent Assembly while welcoming the Objectives Resolution. The speaker calls himself an Adibasi and speaks for tribal people. So we must find which leader of the Assembly was a tribal representative.
Step 2: Pick up the clues in the speech.
The speaker says he is an Adibasi, so he belongs to a tribal community. He talks about the long neglect of his own people and asks for a new chapter of equal opportunity. He also pleads for seats reserved for tribals in the legislature.
Step 3: Check option (1), Jawaharlal Nehru.
Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution. The speaker actually addresses him by name and says he takes him at his word. A speaker cannot be talking about himself in the third person, and Nehru was not a tribal leader. So (1) is wrong.
Step 4: Check option (2), Vallabhbhai Patel.
Patel headed the committee on minorities and fundamental rights. He was not an Adibasi and did not describe himself as one. So (2) is wrong.
Step 5: Check option (3), Jaipal Singh.
Jaipal Singh Munda came from a tribal community of Jharkhand. He was the well known tribal voice in the Constituent Assembly and he pressed for protection of tribals. The words and the demand in the passage match him. So (3) is right.
Step 6: Check option (4), Govind Ballabh Pant.
Pant was a leader from the United Provinces. He spoke on other issues, and he was not an Adibasi. So (4) is wrong.
Final Answer:
The speaker describes himself as an Adibasi and speaks for tribal people, which fits Jaipal Singh. This is option (3).
\[ \boxed{3} \]
Question 47:
Which social group is the subject of concern to the speaker?
(A) Working Class
(B) Religious Minorities
(C) Tribal People
(D) Farmers
Correct Answer: (C) Tribal People
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
We have to name the group the speaker worries about most. The speaker talks about his own people throughout the passage.
Step 2: Find the group in the passage:
He calls himself an Adibasi and says his people were neglected for thousands of years. Later, the passage says tribes need protection and need to be brought up to the level of the general population.
Step 3: Check option 1, Working Class:
The passage does not talk about wages, factories or labour. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2, Religious Minorities:
The speaker does not talk about religion or religious groups. Tribes are described as not being a numerical minority. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3, Tribal People:
The whole speech is about tribals, their lost land, lost forests and the distance from the rest of society. So option 3 is right.
Step 6: Check option 4, Farmers:
Farming is not discussed. The passage mentions forests and pastures, which are about tribal life. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The speaker is concerned about tribal people. This is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3: Tribal People}} \]
Question 48:
According to the speaker, the whole history of his people is one of ________.
(A) Prosperity and development by the aboriginals of India
(B) Continuous exploitation and dispossession by the non-aboriginals of India
(C) Ignorance and isolation from the global network
(D) Modern education and social advancement in all sectors
Correct Answer: (B) Continuous exploitation and dispossession by the non-aboriginals of India
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
We need to complete a sentence using the speaker's own view of his people's history. The speaker states it directly in the speech.
Step 2: Locate the sentence:
The speaker says the whole history of his people is one of continuous exploitation and dispossession by the non-aboriginals of India. He adds that it was also marked by rebellions and disorder.
Step 3: Check option 1:
The speaker talks of neglect, not of prosperity. So option 1 is wrong.
Step 4: Check option 2:
This matches the speaker's own description almost word for word. So option 2 is right.
Step 5: Check option 3:
The speech does not speak of ignorance or isolation from a global network. The problem it names is unfair treatment by others. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4:
Modern education and advancement are things the speaker hopes for in future. He does not claim they are part of the past. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The history of his people is one of continuous exploitation and dispossession by the non-aboriginals. This is option 2.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 2}} \]
Question 49:
The need for protection of the 'forest dwellers' is necessitated by which reasons? Identify the correct statements: A. They had been dispossessed of the land they had settled B. Perceiving them as primitive and backward C. The rest of society had turned away from them D. Deprive of their forest and pastures Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(A) A, B and D only
(B) A, B and C only
(C) A, B, C and D
(D) B, C and D only
Correct Answer: (C) A, B, C and D
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
Four statements are given. We have to pick all that the passage gives as reasons why tribals need protection. We check each one against the passage and then choose the matching combination.
Step 2: Check statement A:
The passage says tribals had been dispossessed of the land they had settled. This is given as a reason, so A is correct.
Step 3: Check statement B:
The passage says the rest of society saw them as primitive and backward. This is also given as a reason, so B is correct.
Step 4: Check statement C:
The passage says the rest of society had turned away from them and spurned them. So C is correct.
Step 5: Check statement D:
The passage says they were deprived of their forests and pastures. The wording in the question is a little off, but the idea is the same. So D is correct.
Step 6: Check the options:
All four statements are correct. Option 1 leaves out C. Option 2 leaves out D. Option 4 leaves out A. Only option 3 includes A, B, C and D.
Final Answer:
All four statements are reasons given in the passage. This is option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 3: A, B, C and D}} \]
Question 50:
What measure was suggested by the speaker for breaking the emotional and physical distance that separated the tribals from the rest of society?
(A) Reservation of seats in the legislature for the tribals
(B) Separate electorates for the tribals
(C) Development of modern education
(D) Establishment of special department for tribals
Correct Answer: (A) Reservation of seats in the legislature for the tribals
View SolutionStep 1: Understand the question:
We need the practical step that the speaker proposed to bring tribals closer to the rest of society.
Step 2: Find the suggestion in the passage:
The passage says he was not asking for separate electorates. He felt that reservation of seats in the legislature was needed so that tribals could represent themselves. This would also push others to hear tribal voices.
Step 3: Check option 1:
This is the measure the passage names. So option 1 is right.
Step 4: Check option 2:
The passage says directly that he was not asking for separate electorates. So option 2 is wrong.
Step 5: Check option 3:
Modern education is not suggested in the passage. So option 3 is wrong.
Step 6: Check option 4:
A special department is not mentioned anywhere in the passage. So option 4 is wrong.
Final Answer:
The speaker suggested reservation of seats in the legislature for tribals. This is option 1.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option 1}} \]
The need for protection of the 'forest dwellers' is necessitated by which reasons? Identify the correct statements: A. They had been dispossessed of the land they had settled B. Perceiving them as primitive and backward C. The rest of society had turned away from them D. Deprive of their forest and pastures Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
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